2,000 Greater & Lesser Mysteries/2,000 Greater and Lesser Mysteries.iso/govern/mys00613.txt

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List of Soviet Military terms


AVANGARD (advanced guard) - A detachment proceeding at a fixed
distance ahead of the main body of a marching formation (unit) in order
to protect the troops making the march, to safeguard them from surprise
attack by hostile ground forces, and to ensure suitable conditions for
the main body to deploy and enter the battle.

AVARIYNO-SPASATEL'NAYA SLUZHBA (Emergency and Rescue Service) - A
special technical service coordinating the manpower and facilities
designated to render aid to warships, merchant vessels, aircraft or
combat vehicles which have sustained damage beyond the crew's repair
capability. When necessary, the Emergency and Rescue Service organizes
rescue of personnel from damaged warships, merchant vessels, aircraft,
or tanks in distress.

AVARIYA (collision, crash, wreck) - An accident involving considerable
damage to combat materiel, resulting in it becoming unserviceable.

AVIANOSETS (aircraft carrier) - A surface warship which is a mobile
airdrome and a naval aviation base. The main striking power of an
aircraft carrier is its deck aviation. Some very large carriers may have
rocket-launching installations. An aircraft carrier is intended to deal
blows by nuclear or conventional weapons against coastal targets and
objectives in the interior of enemy territory and within the range of
its deck aircraft or rocket weapons, and against enemy warships and
transport vessels at sea or in port. An aircraft carrier may also render
assistance to ground forces. According to their displacement, aircraft
inventory, and the mission they are performing, aircraft carriers may
be subdivided into strike and anti-submarine categories.

AVIANOSNAYA AVIATSIYA (carrier-borne aviation) - Aviation based on
aircraft carriers. The role envisaged for carrier-borne aviation is to
strike coastal targets, warships, transports and landing ships at sea
or in port, and also to cooperate with the fleet.

AVIANOSNAYA PROTIVOLODOCHNAYA POISKOVO-UDARNAYA GRUPPA (APPUG)
(Carrier Anti-submarine Search-and-Strike Group) - In foreign navies a
group of surface warships, having an anti-submarine aircraft carrier as
its nucleus. The role of such a group is to seek out and destroy enemy
submarines.

AVIANOSNAYA UDARNAYA GRUPPA (AUG) (Carrier Strike Group) -
In foreign navies, a group of surface warships consisting of one
(less frequently two) aircraft carrier, a cruiser, and six to eight
escort vessels. A Carrier Strike Group is usually included
organizationally in a Carrier Strike Force.

AVIANOSNOYE SOYEDINENIYE (carrier force) - In foreign navies, a force
of surface warships having aircraft carriers as its nucleus.

AVIANOSNOYE UDARNOYE SOYEDINENIYE (AUS) (Carrier Strike Force) - In
foreign navies, a force of surface warships consisting of two or three
Carrier Strike Groups. The role of such a force is to use nuclear or
conventional weapons against targets on the enemy's territory and
against his warships and transports at sea. The total strength of a
Carrier Strike Force is 2-3 strike aircraft carriers, 2-3 cruisers, and
l6-20 escort vessels. At the present time, Carrier Strike Forces and
missile submarines are the principal striking forces of the US Navy.

AVIANOSNYYE SILY FLOTA (naval carrier air arm) - One of the arms
possessed by the navies of the USA, Britain and France.

AVIATSIONNAYA BAZA (air base) - (1) Repair-and-supply base (military
unit) servicing aviation units and formations. (2) A large capitally
equipped airfield with one or more surfaced runways, permitting all
forms of activity appropriate to the aviation based upon it, materiel
maintenance, and quartering of personnel. Such an air base is used only
in the armed forces of foreign armies [sic].

AVIATSIOl'lNAYA BALLISTICHlSKAYA RAKETA (air-to-surface ballistic
missile) - An "air-to-surface" ballistic missile fired from a missile
carrying aircraft or from any airborne platform, and intended to hit
targets on land or water.

AVIATSIONNAYA GRUPPA (air group) - A group consisting of several
aviation subunits, units or formations (from one or more aviation
branches), temporarily combined under a joint command to carry out
specific combat missions. In some foreign armies, an organic aviation,
unit (formation) is called an air group.

AVIATSIONNAYA GRUPPIROVKA (air grouping) - The totality of several
aviation subunits, units, formations, and in some cases major
formations, of various branches (or one branch) of aviation, intended
to carry out a specific combat mission (missions).

AVIATSIONNAYA KONTRPODGOTOVKA (aerial counterpreparation) - One of
the forms of air combat activity, consisting in dealing a series of
blows against an enemy who has prepared himself to attack. Aerial
counterpreparation is done in conjunction with strikes by rocket forces
and artillery counterpreparation, in order to disrupt an attack or to
weaken the enemy's initial thrust.

AVIATSIONNAYA MINA (aerial mine) - A mine of special design, which
may be laid from an aircraft or helicopter.

AVIATSIONNAYA PODDERZHKA (air support) - Air force combat operations
conducted for the purpose of helping ground forces to achieve success
in battle (in an operation). Air support is provided by the centralized
forces and facilities of fighter-bombers, bombers, and winged missiles
with a view to annihilating the enemy's nuclear-attack facilities, his
nearest reserves and command posts detected by reconnaissance, as well
as important objectives on the field of battle which for some reason
cannot be destroyed by unit weapons on the ground. In an attack, air
support begins when our own troops go over to the attack, and in
defense, when the enemy troops begin their attack, and it continues
throughout the entire period of combat operations.

AVIATSIONNAYA POISKOVO-UDARNAYA GRUPPA (APUG) (Air-Search-and
Strike Group (ASSG) ) - The role of such a group is to seek out and
destroy the enemy's submarines. An ASSG may include anti-submarine
aircraft (helicopters) in both the search variant and the strike
variant. An ASSG is capable of performing assigned missions either
independently or in cooperation with naval search-and-strike groups.

AVIATSIONNAYA TORPEDA (aerial torpedo) - A torpedo of special
design, which may be launched from an aircraft.

AVIATSIONNAYA ESKADRIL'YA (air squadron) - The basic tactical
aviation subunit. An aviation squadron may be a separate unit.

AVIATSIONNAYA YADERNAYA BOMBA (aerial nuclear bomb) -One of the forms
of nuclear munitions. An aerial nuclear bomb may be used against
underground or underwater targets as well as against objectives located
at, or above, ground level or sea level. The aerial nuclear bomb yield
may vary from a few kilotons to several megatons.

AVIATSIONNOYE VOORUZHENIYE (air armament) - Weapons mounted on
combat aircraft and other airborne platforms. Aircraft armament is
subdivided into missile, gun, bombardment and special categories.
Missile armament includes unguided and guided missiles, and also devices
on the aircraft for their suspension, firing and guidance. Air gun
armament consists of cannon, machine guns, ammunition for them,
mountings and sights. In the bombardment category are the various types
of aerial bombs, torpedoes and mines, as well as devices for their
suspension and release from the aircraft (bomb racks, bomb release
mechanisms). Special armament includes electronic and pyrotechnic
equipment, training and monitoring instrumentation.

AVIATSIONNOYE ZVENO (flight-air unit) - A tactical aviation subunit.
A flight may perform a combat mission either independently, or as
part of a squadron.

AVIATSIONNOYE KOMANDOVANIYE (foreign) (air command) -A major grouping
of air forces, both in the system of a nation's aviation and in a
theater of war. According to its designation and the mission to be
performed, an air command may be tactical or strategic. Typical
appellations are: Bomber Command, Fighter Command, Transport Command,
Air Defense Command, Air Maintenance Command.

AVIATSIONNOYE OB"YEDINENIYE (major air formation) - A large aviation
grouping consisting of different formations and units, various arms and
branches of aviation, cruise missiles, rear service units, and special
units. An air formation may be integrated organically with operational
front formations, or it may be independent.

AVIATSIONNO-KOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA (aerospace medicine) - A special
branch of medicine including the totality of research and measures
pertaining to the medical support of air and space flight safety,
safeguarding the health of air crews and astronauts, and maintaining
their capacity for work under all conditions encountered, especially in
modern high-speed, high-altitude aircraft, space ships, and other
airborne platforms.

AVIATSIONNO-TEKIINICHESKAYA BAZA (air-technical base) - A unit which
supports air units with all types of supplies on one or several
airfields.

AVIATSIONNO-TEKHNICHESKAYA DIVIZIYA (air-technical division) - A
unit that provides airfield technical services, materiel and medical
support, for air formations and units. In individual cases, an air
technical division may be tasked with siting, building and
reconstructing airfields, and related research.

AVIATSIONNYE SREDSTVA PORAZHENIYA (air weapons) - Weapons used by
combat aircraft, e.g., missiles, shells, bombs, torpedoes, and mines.

AVIATSIONNYY KORPUS (air corps) - An operational-tactical air force
formation consisting of several air divisions and individual units.

AVIATSIONNYY POLK (air regiment) - A military unit. The basic
tactical and administrative unit of the air force. It may be an
individual unit, or it may form part of an aviation formation. In the
air forces of some countries, there are no air regiments.

AVIATSIONNYY PREDSTAVITEL'V SUKHOPUTNYKH VOYSKAKH (air liaison
officer with ground forces) - A senior air force officer (chief of an
operational group of an air army) sent from the air army or air
formation staff to a combined-arms or tank army to organize and
maintain coordination with the troops.

AVIATSIYA VOYENNO-MORSKOGO FLOTA (naval aviation) - One of the basic
naval arms, intended for combat operations at sea, either
independently or in cooperation with submarines. Naval aviation
may be also called upon to attack coastal targets or to cooperate
with ground forces in maritime sectors.

AVIATSIYA VOYSK PVO STRANY (National Air Defense Aviation) - One
of the main branches of the National Air Defense Forces. It consists
of fighter-aviation units, which form part of air defense groupings
and formations. National Air Defense Aviation also includes subunits
and units of auxiliary aviation and special-purpose aviation
(transport, liaison, reconnaissance).

AVIATSIYA SVYAZI (liaison aviation) - Auxiliary aviation to provide
liaison between superior, subordinate and coordinating levels of
commands and staffs. Liaison aviation consists of individual aviation
subunits and units, and organizationally forms part of air force and
combined-arms formations and groupings.

AVTOMATIZATSIYA UPRAVLENIYA BOYEVYMI SREDSTVAMI (ORUZHIYEM)
(automation of fire control) - The use of electronic computers and
other technical aids for fire-control purposes (in the performance
of certain combat tasks).

AVTOMATIZIROVANNAYA RADIOTEKHNICHESKAYA SISTEMA (automated radio
system) - A complex of radio equipment in which the basic working
processes are performed automatically, without human intervention,
but under human control.

AVTOMATIZIROVANNAYA SISTEMA NAVIGATSII (automatic navigational
system) - A system consisting of ground and on-board apparatus which
automatically determines the position of an aircraft or warship,
with provisions for either automatic or manual piloting
(steering) of the aircraft (ship).

AVTOMATIZIROVANNAYA SISTEMA UPRAVLENIYA VOYSKAMI (automated troop
command and control system) - A system of control in which the
processes of collecting, processing, storing and outputing information,
and the performance of operational-tactical calculations, are
accomplished with the aid of various types of technical equipment
(electronic computers, etc.). An automated troop command and control
system improves the effectiveness of the work done by commands and
staffs.

AVTOMATIZIROVANNAYA SISTEMA UPRAVLENIYA VOYSKAMI PVO (automated
system for the control of air defense troops) - A complex of
technical equipment used for the control of air defense troops in the
course of their combat activities, with the aid of modern electronic
means.

AVTOMATIZIROVANNYYE KANALY VOYENNOY SVYAZI (automated military
communication channels) - Special communication channels, through
which connection between users is ensured by means of the
comprehensive use of equipment, mechanisms and devices. Thus,
contemporary multichannel radio-relay links are equipped with remote
indication systems permitting signals to be sent to the main stations
from each intermediate station. In addition, a remote-operation
system permits a series of commands to be sent to an unmanned station.
With the aid of this system, it is possible to change over
communication from one set of equipment to another, to switch the
equipment of one or more highfrequency circuits on or off, to switch
on masthead warning lights, to effect a changeover in power-supply
units as required, and to perform a number of other operations.
Automation of radio-relay links raises the quality of communication
considerably. For automation purposes, radio-relay links are usually
divided into a number of sections, each spanning a distance of 200-500
kilometers. At the ends of a section there are main or terminal
stations, which monitor all intermediate stations of the section and
control them. Intermediate stations function without operating
personnel.

AVTOMATICHESKAYA STANTSIYA RADIOPOMEKH (automatic radio jamming
station) - A jamming station which automatically tunes its transmitter
to the wavelength of the radio facility being suppressed, so that
jamming is effected without intervention by the operator.

AVTOMATIClIESKAYA TELEGRAFNAYA VOYENNAYA SVYAZ' (automatic military
telegraph communications) - Telegraphic communication by means of
start stop teleprinters, with automatic transmission and reception of
telegrams. In the process of automatic retransmission, telegrams in
transit pass through all telegraph stations and centers without the
participation of telegraphists. Automatic transmission is done from
tapes, on which the text of telegrams to be sent is printed
(perforated) in advance.

AVTOMATICHESKIY AEROSTAT (automatic aerostat) - AI lighter-than-air
apparatus having automatic devices for controlling flight altitude,
releasing cargo in a given region, terminating flight, and recovering
the apparatus. An automatic aerostat is used in air streams which
have a constant direction at high altitudes. For military purposes,
automatic aerostats may be used for reconnaissance, jamming radio or
signal communications, and for transporting munitions.

AVTOMATICHESKIY RADIOKOMPAS (ARK) (automatic radio compass) - The
onboard component of a short-range radio-navigation system. It is used
to guide an aircraft to the locality of a radio station, fix the
aircraft's position when in flight, facilitate landing, and perform
other air navigational tasks.

AVTOMATICHESKOYE OPREDELENIYE PARAMETROV YADERNOGO VZRYVA
(automatic determination of nuclear burst parameters) - Determination,
with the aid of special automatic apparatus, of the coordinates,
altitude and yield of a nuclear explosion. Used as data for such
determination are the length of time that the thermal pulse exists,
and the height and diameter of the cloud, or the cloud's rate of
ascent.

AVTOMOBIL'NAYA DOROGA FRONTA (ARMII) (front [army] motor road) - A
surfaced or dirt road intended for troop movements, transport of
materiel, and evacuation. Front (army) motor roads are subdivided
into the main and auxiliary categories. They are serviced by road
repair and traffic control troops.

AVTOMOBIL'NYYE VOYSKA (motor transport troops) - Special troops
intended to transport troops and miscellaneous materiel by motor
vehicle. Motor transport troops are organized in units and subunits.

AVTONOMNOYE UPRAVLENIYE SREDSTVAMI PVO (autonomous control of Air
Defense facilities) - Independent (decentralized) control of the
various Air Defense forces and facilities from command posts.

AVTONOMNOST' PODVODNOY LODKI (NADVODNOGO KORABLYA) (endurance of
submarine (surface ship)) - The time (in days) that a submarine
(surface ship) can remain at sea continuously, under way and on
combat missions, without replenishment of fuel or stores.

AVTONOMNYYE SREDSTVA RADIONAVIGATSII (autonomous radio-navigation
equipment) - Radio aids for air and sea navigation, not requiring
the use of on-shore radio facilities.

AVTOPILOT (automatic pilot) - A device for controlling the flight of
an airborne platform and automatically maintaining the course and
altitude required for given flight conditions, without the direct
participation of the pilot.

AVTOTRAKTORNAYA TEKHNIKA (motor vehicle and tractor equipment) -
Motor vehicle and tractor materiel used for military purposes, which
is part of the standard equipment of military subunits, units and
formations. Motor vehicle and tractor equipment includes automobiles,
trucks, special motor vehicles (passenger cars, trucks, special)
wheeled and tracked prime movers, carriers, tractors and trailers.

AVTOTRAKTORNOYE IMUSHCHESTVO (motor vehicle and tractor support
materiel) - Assemblies, spare parts, materials, electrical equipment,
tires and rubber components, accessories, adaptors, tools and
accessories for the operation and repair of vehicles and visual
training aids.

AGENTURNYYE SVEDENIYA (DANNYYE) (Information obtained from agents) -
Secret material concerning the organization, armament, strategy and
tactics of potential or actual enemies, such material pertaining to
theaters of military operations, and also information of a military
political or military-economic nature, obtained by intelligence
agents.

AGRESSIYA (aggression) - Initiation and conduct of unjust, predatory,
imperialistic wars. Aggression is the principal element in the foreign
policy of imperialist states and is directed first of all against world
socialism. In international law, aggression is defined as an armed
attack by one or several states on another state for the purpose of
seizing its territory, depriving it of independence, and enslaving its
people.

AKVATORIYA (water area) - The water area within the limits of a port
or harbor (bay); an expanse of sea water used for a specific purpose,
e.g., for warships in a commercial port; for merchant vessels in a
naval harbor; or set aside for the use of seaplanes.

AKTIVNOST' OBORONY (aggressiveness in defense) - The ability to
detect and promptly liquidate the enemy's weapons of mass destruction,
to strike him with all types of firepower, to make extensive use of
maneuvers involving personnel, firepower, and engineer obstacles, and
to use counterpreparation, counterattacks and counterblows. Timely and
successful counterpreparation not only enhances aggressiveness in
defense, but may even lead to a break-up of the enemy's attack.

AKTIVNYYE MINNYYE ZAGRAZlIDENIYA (active mine fields) - Active mine
barriers laid at various depths in waters belonging to the enemy or
used by him at the approaches to, and exits from, naval bases and
ports, at junctions at sea routes, in straits, etc. The purpose of
active mine fields is to inflict shipping losses upon the enemy, to
restrict the freedom of movement of enemy warships and transports,
to raise tension generally and, in particular, to increase the load
on the enemy's mine sweeping forces.

AKTIVNYYE RADIOPOMEKHI (active radio jamming) - Jamming of the
enemy's radar facilities, produced by jamming transmitters (stations).
Active radio jamming, affecting the enemy's radio receivers, disrupts
completely or partially the reception and indication of useful signals.
Active radio jamming illuminates large areas of the screen on plan-
position indicators of radar stations, hindering target detection, and
disrupting target tracking by radars that have an automatic target
tracking capability.

ALGORITM MATEMATICHESKIY (mathematical algorithm) - A system of
mathematical operations and tested logical conditions executed in
sequence according to strictly defined rules. Such a system, after a
number of moves, leads unfailingly to the solution of the assigned
problem. The algorithm determines a series of solutions for any one
class of problems.

ALGORITM OPERATIVNYY (operational algorithm) - A system of logical
reasoning and operational calculations done in the process of
sequential analysis of a situation with the aim of reaching a
decision. An operational algorithm serves as a basis for the
formulation of a mathematical algorithm.

AL'FA-CHASTITSY (alpha particles) - A form of radioactive radiation.
Alpha particles occur as a result of nuclear explosions, and they
constitute the nucleus of helium atoms. They have a harmful effect on
the human organism, especially if they penetrate it.

ANEMOMETRICHESKAYA OTSENKA MESTNOSTI (anemometric evaluation of a
locality) - Study and estimation of the effect of a locality on the
propagation of a cloud contaminated with toxic airborne substances.
This is done on a topographical map or by direct measurement of wind
direction and speed in the actual locality.

ANTIBIOTIKI (antibiotics) - Substances of microbial, animal or
vegetable origin, which depress the viability of micro-organisms.
They are used in the practice of medicine.

ANTIDOTY (antidotes) - Substances used to render first aid to persons
affected by toxic substances.

ANTIRADIATSIONNYYE PREPARATY (antiradiation preparations) - Medical
or chemical preparations which diminish the harmful effect of
radioactive radiation on the human organism.

ANTIRAKETA (anti-missile missile) - A guided missile intended to
destroy ballistic missiles.

APPARATURA ZAPUSKA RAKETY I UPRAVLENIYA YEYU (apparatus for launching
and guiding a missile) - All ground equipment for adjusting and
checking the on-board guidance instruments prior to launching, for
checking correctness and accuracy of operation, for switching on the
instruments and automatic engine controls, and for launching a missile.

APPARATURA TONAL'NOGO TELEGRAFIROVANIYA (audiofrequency telegraphic
apparatus) - A complex system permitting multi-channel telegraphy
by high-frequency telephone channels for military communication
purposes.

APPARATURA UPLOTNENIYA (multiplexing apparatus) - Technical equipment
permitting creation of several telephone and telegraph communication
channels that operate simultaneously.

ARMEYSKAYA ARTILLERISKAYA GRUPPA (army artillery group) - An
artillery group directly subordinate to an army commander, and
intended to perform fire missions in the interest of the army
operation as a whole.

ARMEYSKAYA ARTILLERIA (army artillery) - Organic army artillery,
directly subordinate to the army commander.

ARMEYSKAYA GRUPPA (historical) (army group) - A temporary
combined-arms army field force, intended for the execution of
particular operational missions.

ARMEYSKAYA OPERATSIYA (army operation) - The totality of nuclear
strikes, strikes by other weapons, and combat operations of army
troops, united by a single concept and conducted in accordance with a
unified plan for the attainment of an assigned operational objective.
As a rule, an army operation is part of [an army] front operation,
and is conducted in cooperation with neighboring armies (army), front
artillery and aviation, and-in a maritime sector-with naval forces.
In certain cases, mainly in operations in isolated sectors, and under
special conditions, an army may conduct an operation independently.

ARMEYSKAYA POLOSA OBORONY (historical) (army defense zone) - A local
zone prepared by army troops for a defensive battle, and prepared in
the engineering sense.

ARMEYSKIYE (FRONTOVYYE) ZENITNYYE UPRAVLYAYEMYYE RAKETY (army [front]
anti-aircraft guided missiles) - Missiles constituting part of the
armament of air-defense missile units subordinate to an army (front).

ARMESKIYE REZERVY (army reserves) - Part of the forces and weapons
in the tactical order of battle of an army intended: to execute short
notice or emergency missions either in preparation for, or during, an
operation; to replace active troops which have lost their fighting
capability; and to execute counter-thrusts. Army reserves may be in
the combinedarms, anti-tanks, and special-troop categories.

ARMEYSKIY KORPUS (AK) (Army Corps) - A combined-arms, operational
tactical unit. An Army Corps may consist of several divisions,
missile and artillery formations (units), and special-troop units.
An Army Corps is intended to carry out operational-tactical missions
in a particular sector, primarily in special theaters of war.

ARMEYSKIY TYL (army rear services) - A component part of the
operational rear, including army rear services units and
materiel-supply establishments which are located in an army rear area
and intended for providing rear services support troops to army
formations and individual army units.

ARMIYA (army) - (1) An operational grouping of one or another Service
of the armed forces, consisting of several formations of various
branches and special troops, and intended for the conduct of operations
(combat activities); (2) ground troops (forces); (3) sometimes the word
army is used to designate the armed forces of a State, e.g., the Red
Army or the Soviet Army.

ARMIYA VTORZHENIYA (invasion army) - Portion of an agressor's armed
forces especially trained to invade the territory of another country
during the initial phase of a war, or in the course of a war.

ARMIYA NARODNAYA (people's army) - An army expressing and protecting
the interests of the toiling masses in the revolutionary struggle for
transformation of the social order, and in armed defense of popular
power, socialism and communism.

ARMIYA PRIKRYTIYA (historical) (covering army) - Portion of a
country's armed forces intended to protect its borders against
surprise enemy invasion by land, sea or air, and to permit military
mobilization to be carried out, and the country's main forces to be
concentrated and deployed. This term was used by us prior to
World War II.

ARMIYA EKSPEDITSIONNAYA (historical) (expeditionary army) - A part of
the armed forces, consisting of several divisions of ground troops and
naval and air forces, belonging to one country or a coalition of
States, and transferred to the territory of other countries for the
purpose of conducting large-scale operations. An expeditionary army is
most often used by imperialists to conduct operations in colonial
wars and to accomplish military intervention.

ARTILLERIYSKAYA GRUPPA (artillery group) - A temporary grouping
consisting of several artillery units or subunits under one command
for the purpose of executing missions in combat. The composition of
an artillery group is determined in each case by the situation.

ARTILLERIYSKAYA DIVIZIYA RVGK (Reserve Artillery Division of the
Supreme High Command) - A reserve artillery formation at the disposal
of the Supreme High Command. It may include several artillery units.
This division is intended for use in the most important sectors.

ARTILLEAIYSKAYA INSTRUMENTAL'NAYA RAZVEDKA (AIR.) (Artillery
instrument reconnaissance) - A component part of ground artillery
reconnaissance. It is done with the aid of special reconnaissance
instruments (apparatus). According to the technology used, artillery
instrument reconnaissance is subdivided into optical, acoustic, radio
and ground-photography categories. Artillery instrument
reconnaissance is used to determine the target coordinates, to support
missile and artillery fire, and also to tie in firing positions and
observation posts.

ARTILLERIYSKAYA KONTRPODGOTOVKA (artillery counterpreparation) -
Artillery fire by a defender against an enemy who is preparing or
deploying for an attack. Artillery counter-preparation is done in
conjunction with nuclear strikes, and in combination with air counter
preparation, for the purpose of breaking-up an attack or weakening
the enemy's initial thrust.

ARTILLERIYSKAYA OPORNAYA SET' (artillery control net) - The aggregate
of control points and sectors tied into the terrain, the coordinates
and directional angles of which are determined in a unified system
with sufficient accuracy for artillery purposes.

ARTILLERIYSKOYE VOORUZHENIYE (artillery armament; ordnance) - All
artillery materiel, including guns and mortars, ammunition, artillery
instruments, and various types of auxiliary equipment.

ARTILLERIYSKOYE NABLYUDENIYE (artillery observation) - Method of
reconnaissance which consists in observing the enemy from ground
artillery observation posts.

ARTILLERIYA (artillery) - (1) One of the service branches possessing
great fire power; (2) a type of weapon, or the aggregate of armament
items, including the entire complex of a firearm and all the
equipment needed for its effective utilization in combat; (3) the
science dealing with the fundamentals of a fire weapon's structure,
its properties, and the methods of using it in combat.

ARTILLERIYA REZERVA VERKHOVNOGO GLAVNOGO KOMANDOVANIYA (artillery of
the Supreme High Command's reserve) - Artillery not included in
combined-arms formations or strategic formations. It consists of
artillery formations and units intended for quantitative and
qualitative reinforcement of organic artillery.

AR'YERGARD (rear guard) - March protection element, intended to
safeguard troops moving from the front to the rear. The strength,
composition, missions and distance of a rear guard (from the main
body) will depend on the size of the main body column being guarded
and on the situation.

ASTROINERTSIAL'NAYA SISTEMA NAVIGATSII (astro-inertial system of
navigation) - A system for determining the position of missiles,
spacecraft, aircraft or ships, and for controlling their movements.
Such a system uses astronomical devices together with mechanical
inertial devices. Underlying the system is calculation of coordinates
on the basis of measured accelerations, and their correction by
astronomical methods. An astro-inertial system of navigation is used
primarily in long-range cruise-type missiles.

ASTRONAVIGATSIONNAYA SISTEMA NAVEDENIYA (astronavigational guidance
system) - A system for determining a guided object's true position in
space by reference to heavenly bodies with the aid of astronomical
instruments (astro-sextants, special telescopes).

ASTRONAVIGATSIYA (ASTRONOMICHESKAYA NAVIGATSIYA) (astronavigation
[astronomical navigation]) - Navigation of aircraft, ships, spacecraft
or rockets using heavenly bodies for orientation. In use at the present
time are astronavigational instruments with automatic tracking of two
heavenly bodies, or of one, if the course is preprogrammed.

ATAKA (attack) - The most important element in the tactical
activities of air, naval and ground forces, constituting a combination
of swift maneuver and fire (strike) aimed at enemy personnel and weapons
for the purpose of their annihilation. An attack by ground forces is
carried out immediately following nuclear and conventional weapons
strikes, and is culminated by the utter defeat of the enemy and by
capture of his defensive areas and structures. An air attack is a rapid
action by aircraft against the enemy for the purpose of firing or
striking at close range. Annihilation of hostile aircraft in the air
during an air attack is accomplished by fighter aviation. A torpedo
(missile) attack is the maneuvering of a warship (aircraft) for the
purpose of assuming a favorable position and firing torpedoes (missiles)
at the target.

ATOMNAYA ARTILLERIYA (atomic artillery) Artillery intended to fire
projectiles having nuclear charges.

ATOMNAYA SILOVAYA (ENERGETICHESKAYA) KORABEL'NAYA  (SUDOVAYA)
USTANOVKA (atomic power plant for ship propulsion) - A special plant
converting intranuclear energy into mechanical energy to propel a naval
or merchant vessel. Regardless of its design or type, a contemporary
atomic power plant for ship propulsion consists of an atomic "boiler,"
or reactor, a turbine (steam or gas), and electromechanical machinery.
The application of the atomic power plant to submarines has solved the
problem of making them true underwater warships that hardly ever (with
rare exceptions) have to surface.

ATOMNYY (YADERNYY) BAR'YER (foreign) (atomic [nuclear] barrier) -
Obstacles in the form of radioactive contamination of the terrain,
destruction of built-up areas, bridges, junctions, roads, mountain
passes and defiles, caused by nuclear weapons to prohibit enemy troop
maneuvers, and materiel and technical support.

ATASHE (attache) - Post in a diplomatic delegation (embassy,
mission). Special attaches, i.e., military, naval, air, press, etc.,
obtain information by lawful means, are advisors to the ambassador in
their specialty and represent their own army, navy, air force, press,
etc., in the foreign country.

AERODINAMIKA (aerodynamics) - The science of the motion of air and
its effect on the bodies around which it flows. Aircraft aerodynamics
is the science of the motion of an aircraft in air under the influence
of the forces that so occur.

AERODINAMICHESKIY NAGREV (aerodynamic heating) - Heating of the
structure of an airborne vehicle (aircraft, missile) due to
retardation of the air stream. Air particles coming into direct contact
with the airborne vehicle are slowed down by it. As a result, the
kinetic energy of these particles is transformed into thermal energy.

AERODROM (airfield) - An area of land, prepared from the engineering
viewpoint, permitting takeoff, landing, servicing and accommodation of
aircraft. An airfield is intended to serve as a base for an aviation
unit or subunit. According to their degree of development, airfields are
subdivided into permanent and field categories, and are designated as
"superclass," first class, second class or third class. According to
their purpose, airfields are subdivided into home, maneuver, alternate,
regular, operational, advance, staging, rear and dummy categories.

AERODROM BAZIROVANIYA (home airfield) - An airfield on which, at a
given time, an aviation unit is based. Home airfields may be permanent,
or in the field category.

AERODROM VTOROGO KLASSA (second class airfield) - An airfield
intended to serve as a base for a unit or subunit of frontal aviation
or national air defense fighter aviation. A second class airfield,
whether in the permanent or field category, has a paved runway 2000
meters long and 50 meters wide. The total length of the main runway of
a permanent second class airfield, including the terminal overruns, is
2800 meters. A second class airfield in the field category may be an
unpaved airfield with a main runway with a total length of 2200-2400
meters. Such an airfield may also have an equipped, paved runway 1800
2000 meters long.

AERODROM ZASADY (historical) (ambush airfield) - An airfield used
by frontal and by national air defense fighter aviation, and intended
to ensure interception of the air enemy at remote frontiers. An ambush
airfield is located 10-15 kilometers from the State border or from the
front line, or on probable flight routes of enemy aircraft. In most
cases, ambush airfields are unpaved second-class airfields.

AERODROM MANEVRA (maneuver airfield) - An airfield on which units
of frontal aviation, long-range aviation and national air defense
fighter aviation may be based briefly, and from which they may engage
in combat operations. From the engineering viewpoint, a maneuver
airfield is developed to the same extent as a home airfield. At a
maneuver airfield there are radio facilities and an air technical
subunit or unit. A maneuver airfield is in constant readiness to receive
an aviation unit or subunit that is performing an airfield maneuver, and
to support its uninterrupted conduct of combat activities. Maneuver
airfields may be especially prepared as such, or they may be reserve
airfields or those formerly used as home airfields for aviation units
and subunits.

AERODROM MATERIAL'NOGO OBESPECHENIYA (supply and support airfield) -
An airfield used for consignment of goods by air transport. As a rule,
there are warehouses (specialized groups of warehouses) and medical
establishments near a supply and support airfield.

AERODROM PERVOGO KLASSA (first class airfield) - An airfield on
which long-range aviation units may be based. A permanent first class
airfield has a paved runway and other airfield installations. The
dimensions of a paved runway on a first class airfield, whether in the
permanent or field category, are 2500 x 80 meters. The total length of
the runway must be not less than 3300 meters.

AERODROM PODSKOKA (staging airfield) - An airfield situated nearer
to the enemy than major home airfields, used by the air force to
increase the depth to which enemy territory may be penetrated for the
purpose of reaching objectives. Home and maneuver airfields of other
aviation formations, and specially-prepared airfields may be used as
staging airfields.

AERODROM TRET'YEGO KLASSA (third class airfield) - An airfield
intended as a base for military transport aviation units and units
having short take-off and landing aircraft. A permanent third class
airfield has a main runway of 1300-1600 meters total length, and as a
rule has a paved runway 1200 meters long. A third class airfield in the
field category will more often than not be an unpaved airfield with a
main runway of 1200-1300 meters total length. Such an airfield may have
a paved runway 1000 meters long.

AERODROMNAYA SET' (airfield net) - The aggregate of airfields on
which air force, combined-arms or national air defense aviation units
are based, or from which they may maneuver or engage in combat
operations. An airfield net includes airfields in the home, maneuver,
alternate, advance, rear and dummy categories. Airfields which are
components of an airfield net may be united into airfield regions or
airfield areas, on which aviation formations may be based. An airfield
net may be confined to one country or it may include the airfields of
a group of States.

AERODROMNAYA SLUZHBA (airfield service) - An air force service
engaged in the siting, construction, reconstruction, repair and
operation of airfields. The airfield service is entrusted with providing
engineering and airfield support for combat operations conducted by
frontal aviation, long-range aviation, missile-armed naval aviation, and
national air defense fighter aviation.

AERODROMNO-TEKIINICHESKOYE OBFSPECHENIYE  (airfield  technical
support) - Measures taken to keep an airfield in good working order,
thus ensuring support for air operations.

AERODROMNYY MANEVR AVIATSII (airfield maneuver of aviation) Complete
or partial regrouping of aviation units, formations and strategic
formations associated with a change in home airfield. An airfield
maneuver of aviation may be executed to create a new grouping of air
forces or to shift its effect from one sector to another, to rebase
aviation units closer to the front line in preparation for, or during,
an operation, to withdraw aviation units clear of a nuclear attack and
from a zone of radioactive contamination, and also to conceal the actual
areas where aviation is based.

AERODROMNYY RAYON (airfield region) - A set of airfields on
which it is intended to base a large air force formation. The number of
home airfields constituting an airfield region is governed by the
composition of the aviation formation (strategic formation) and by the
density at which the units are based. An airfield region may contain
from two to four airfield areas.

AERODROMNYY UZFL (airfield area) - A group of airfields on which it
is intended to base an air force formation or unit. The number of home
airfields constituting an airfield area is governed by the composition
of the formation (unit) and by the density at which units are based.

AEROMETEOROLOGIYA (AVIATSIONNAYA METEOROLOGIYA (aerometeorology
[aviation meteorology]) - The branch of general meteorology dealing with
atmospheric processes and phenomena  (meteorological  conditions)
affecting the flight of aircraft, missiles and aerostats.

AERONAVIGATSIYA (VOZDUSlINAYA NAVIGATSIYA) (aeronavigation [air
navigation] ) - The science of guiding an airborne vehicle through the
air from one point on the Earth's surface to another, or from the place
of take-off to the assigned target (object), and then to the landing
site. In practical application, aeronavigation is the totality of
actions performed on the ground and in the air for the purpose of
ensuring that an airborne vehicle follows the prescribed course at the
assigned altitude and reaches the designated target at the proper time.

AEROFOTORAZVEDKA (aerial photo-reconnaissance) One of the methods of
conducting aerial reconnaissance, accomplished by photographing a
locality or objectives from an aircraft or other airborne platform.

BAZA BEREGOVAYA (coastal base) - A military unit used for providing
rear services for submarines, missile boats, torpedo boats, etc., and
cultural amenities for their crews. Coastal bases are located in ports,
harbors and bays. A coastal base has jetty frontage, workshops,
warehouses and materiel-handling equipment, and is able to supply
vessels with stores, electricity, and steam. A coastal base also has
living quarters and office  space,  special-purpose  rooms  and
laboratories, hospitals, clubs, and all types of domestic facilities
(steam baths, laundries, etc.). A coastal base used by submarines may
have pens for their protection.

BAZA VYSADKI (landing base) - A facility of the rear services area
intended to create favorable conditions for a landing by the main
forces, and to supply the troops which have disembarked.

BAZA RADIOTEKHNIClEESKOY (RADIONAVIGATSIONNOY RADIOPELENGATORNOY)
SISTEMY (base of a radio-technical [radio-navigational, radio direction
finding] system) - The distance between the system's two stations, which
are fixed geographically. The two stations give a user of the system his
position or a position line. Where there are more than two stations in
the system, the base of a radio-technical system is defined as the
distance between any two stations of the system.

BAZA SNABZHENIYA (supply base) - A supply facility, including a
group of warehouses with the necessary inventories and handling
equipment, intended to provide the troops with materiel support.

BAZIROVANIYE AVIATSII (the basing of aviation) - The use, by
aviation units, formations and strategic formations of airfields,
airfield areas, airfield regions or airfield nets, on whose territory
are deployed rear services units and establishments whose role is to
support air combat activity. The basing of aviation may be dispersed and
mobile.

BAZIROVANIYE FLOTA (basing of the fleet) - The distribution of naval
forces in a given maritime theater of naval operations.

BAZISNAYA VOLNA (base surge) - A swirling annular cloud of water
spray formed in the course of an underwater nuclear explosion at the
base of the water column as the latter falls. The farther the base surge
spreads from ground zero, the more it rises into the air and, having
merged with the mushroom-like cloud, acquires the appearance of a
stratocumulus cloud. The base surge contains a large amount of
radioactive material, which leads to radioactive contamination in the
vicinity of the explosion and along the track of the radioactive cloud.

BAZOVYYE PLAVUCHIYE SREDSTVA (harbor craft) Self-propelled and towed
vessels intended to service warships, aircraft, and miscellaneous
vessels of the navy and other forces in port, in roadsteads, and in
harbor (tugs, floating docks, barges, cutters, torpedo-retrieval
vessels, gunnery targets, firefighting vessels, degaussing stations,
battery-charging stations, floating barracks, bakeries, etc.).

BAKTERIAL'NAYA RETSEPTURA (bacterial culture) - A group of
substances including pathogenic microbes or toxins and  various
substances which increase the viability of microbes or the stability of
toxins in storage and use.

BAKTERIAL'NYYE AEROZOLI (bacterial aerosols) - Small particles of
a bacterial culture suspended in a gaseous medium (air).

BAKTERIAL'NYYE SREDSTVA (bacterial agents) - Substances causing
diseases in man, animals, and plants, and manufactured bacterial
poisons, called toxins. Bacterial agents form the basis for the
casualty-producing effect of bacteriological weapons.

BAKTERIOLOGICHESKAYA VOYNA (bacteriological warfare) -Warfare with
the use of bacterial agents. Bacteriological warfare is forbidden by
international law and is condemned by all progressive mankind.

BAKTERIOLOGICHESKIYE RAKETY (bacteriological missiles) -Missiles
filled with bacterial agents.

BAKTERIOLOGICHESKOYE (BIOLOGICHESKOYE) ORUZHIYE (bacteriological
[biological] weapons) - Ammunition and devices filled with bacterial
agents, intended to infect people, domestic animals, and crops.

BALLISTIKA (ballistics) - The science of the laws of motion of
missiles, artillery projectiles, mortar rounds, bullets, etc., when
fired. Ballistics is divided into two parts, internal and external.
Internal ballistics studies the laws of motion of a shell, mortar round
or bullet in the barrel and the processes accompanying the firing of a
shot from a fire weapon. External ballistics studies the laws of flight
of a rocket, artillery projectile, mortar round, bullet, etc., in the
air, from the moment when the action of the powder gases on it ceases,
until the moment when it reaches the target.

BALLISTICHESKAYA RAKETA (ballistic missile) - 'The most important
weapon in nuclear warfare. The trajectory of a ballistic missile
consists of an active phase and a passive phase. During the active
phase, the missile is propelled by its motor's thrust, and is guided by
a selfcontained [autonomous] or combined guidance system. During the
passive phase, the missile flies along a so-called ballistic curve.

BALLISTICHESKIY VETER (ballistic wind) - The theoretical (nominal)
wind, used for a particular altitude, which will produce the same
deviation of a projectile from the tabulated trajectory as the actual
wind, which varies with altitude.

BESOPASNAYA VYSOTA VYSOTNOGO YADERNOGO VZRYVA (safe altitude of a
high-altitude nuclear explosion) - The minimum permissible altitude
ensuring the safety of ground-level objects from the damaging factors
of a nuclear explosion.

BEZOPASNAYA DOZA RADIATSJI (safe radiation dose) - The radiation
dose, receipt of which will not lead to the onset of radiation
sickness in an individual.

BEZOPASNOST' POLETA (flight safety) -  Conditions  ensuring
preservation of the crew and materiel during the organization and
accomplishment of a flight.

BEZOPASNYY VREMENNOY INTERVAL (safe time interval) - The time
interval between individual aircraft (units) during take-off and in
transit which ensures safe take-off and piloting of each aircraft. When
bombing with nuclear weapons, the safe time interval between the bomber
and the escort aircraft depends on the nuclear bomb yield and on the
bombing altitude.

BEZOPASNYY REZHIM POLETA (safe flight system) - (1) Flight within
the limits of the maximum and minimum speeds laid down for a given type
of aircraft; (2) the system established for group flying and for flying
in clouds.

BEREGOVAYA ARTILLERIYA (coastal artillery) - A type of naval
artillery placed on the sea coast. Coastal artillery is intended to be
used in the defensive system of naval bases, important coastal regions,
and islands against enemy attack by sea or by land. Coastal artillery
is subdivided into fixed and mobile (moved by rail or mechanical
traction).

BEREGOVAYA OBORONA (historical) (coastal defense) - The aggregate
of naval combat forces and facilities concentrated on the coast and
organized into a special defensive system to provide cover for important
operational sectors and to provide protection for particular objectives
on the given coastline, islands or skerries (including adjacent waters),
against sea, air and land attack.

BEREGOVOYE NABLYUDENIYE ZA MOREM (coastal surveillance) - A special
system of observation, organized on the sea coast by every navy for the
purpose of detecting submarine, surface and airborne objects belonging
to the enemy, and other changes in the situation within the range and
capabilities of instrumental and visual means of observation.

BEREGOVYYE RAKETNYYE CHASTI (coastal missile units) - Naval units
and subunits armed with mobile or fixed missile launchers, primarily
intended for use in a system for the defense of naval bases and the most
important coastal regions and islands against enemy attack by sea; but
also intended for use in cooperation with ground forces and with naval
forces operating at sea.

BESPILOTNAYA AVIATSIYA (drone aircraft) - Aircraft and helicopters
which are flown from take-off to landing without a pilot, using
instead self-contained, remote, or combined control systems.

BESPILOTNYYE SREDSTVA VOZDUSHNOGO NAPADENIYA (unmanned air attack
weapons) - Airborne vehicles guided (flown) by self-contained control
systems, homing systems, or remote control, so that they need not be
manned. Unmanned air attack weapons include ballistic and cruise
missiles.

BESPRICHAL'NOYE BAZIROVANIYE (offshore berthing) - Berthing a naval
unit at an anchorage or at any place where there is no jetty frontage.
Offshore berthing is supported by the use of mobile engineering
facilities and small-displacement floating craft.

BESPRICHAL'NOYE SNABZHENIYE KORABLEY (offshore resupply of warships)
- Method of resupplying a warship with various types of stores, without
the ship coming to a jetty or to moorings in a harbor (bay). Offshore
resupply of warships may be accomplished either when under way or when
at anchor. Under way at sea, resupply is done with special equipment,
and at anchor in a roadstead, by means of flexible hoses or by tankers
or waterboats. Offshore resupply of warships with other types of stores
is accomplished by using rear services harborcraft.

BETA-CHASTITSY (beta particles) - A form of radioactive radiation
occurring as a result of a nuclear explosion, consisting of electrons
of nuclear origin. They have a harmful effect on the human organism.

BIOLOGICHESKIY EKVIVALENT RENTGENA (BER) (roentgen equivalent man
[rem]) - The quantity of any form of penetrating radiation which is
equivalent in biological effect to lr of gamma radiation. In view of the
fact that the radiation dose corresponding to 1 rem varies considerably
according to the nature of the irradiation (single, multiple), the rem
concept is rarely used as a unit of measurement for radiation dose.

BITVA (historical) (battle) - A decisive encounter of the main
forces of the belligerent parties, the results of which not infrequently
determine the outcome of a campaign or a stage of a war. "Battle" is an
ancient Russian term equivalent to the more recent term "general
engagement". A battle is the aggregate of a number of simultaneous and
successive decisive engagements of the main strategic groupings of the
belligerent parties in the most important strategic sectors or theaters
of military operations. These engagements are united by singleness of
purpose and concept, and distinguished by great intensity; they lead to
the destruction of the enemy's main forces in a given strategic sector
or theater of war and to the mastery of the most important strategic
objectives. A battle on such a scale changes the correlation of forces
and creates a turning point in the war. A battle is fought by several
coordinated major field forces, supported by a concentrated airpower,
considerable artillery reserves, and armored and other troops. World War
II saw battles that were unprecedented in military history: the Battle
of Moscow in 1941, Volgograd in 1942, Kursk in 1943, etc.

BLANKOVAYA KARTA (blank map) - A map or sea chart printed in one or
several pale colors. A blank map is used by staffs to prepare graphic
documents.

BLIZHAYSHAYA ZADACHA (immediate objective)That part of the overall
combat mission of troops in an offensive operation which must be
accomplished first. Depending on the situation, an initial objective may
be to annihilate the enemy's means of nuclear attack, break up his basic
grouping, or to take possession of regions, lines, or positions, the
capture of which will ensure successful execution of a future (the next)
mission.

BLOKADA VOYENNAYA (military blockade) - One of the methods of
conducting an armed conflict, namely, by isolating the enemy State (part
of it, or a group of States), particular groupings of the enemy's armed
forces, and seaports or important political centers for the purpose of
completely preventing the arrival of reinforcements, materiel, supplies
and raw materials, thus creating conditions under which the enemy may
be utterly defeated or forced to capitulate. A  military  blockade  is
imposed by the personnel  and  weapons  of  all  the  armed  Services.
Depending on the nature of the means used and the geographical location
of the blockaded objective, a blockade may be imposed by land, by sea,
by air, or by certain combinations of these, i.e., by land and air, by
sea and air, or by land,sea and air. Depending on the  nature  of  the
tasks to be pera military blockade may be  strategic,  operational  or
tactical.  A military blockade is often preceded by political, economic
and diplomatic blockade.
BLOKADA MORSKAYA (naval blockade) - Isolation of all or part of enemy
territory from the sea, using naval and air forces; isolation of all or
part of the enemy's naval forces, curtailment of enemy merchant
shipping.

BLOKADNYYE SILY (blockading forces) - Forces effecting a blockade.
Their composition depends on the nature and conditions of the blockade.
Blockading forces may include submarines, naval aviation, surface ships,
naval coastal missile units, and sometimes naval coastal artillery
units.

BLOKIROVANIYE (blockading) - (1) The aggregate of combat activities
performed by various services of the ground, naval and air forces for
the purpose of imposing a naval blockade. (2) Isolation (encirclement)
of a strong point (objective) or a grouping of enemy troops offering
continued resistance. Blockading is carried out by limited forces from
the first echelon. Annihilation of the blockaded enemy may be effected
by part of the first echelon, by the second echelon, or by reserves.
Nuclear weapons may also be used for this purpose. (3) Prohibition of
take-off from enemy airfields for a certain period of time. Such
blockading is achieved by air attacks on enemy aircraft which are
parked, standing by for take-off, or attempting to take off, and also
by mining or otherwise damaging runways. Airfields may be blockaded in
support of the combat operations by one's own air and ground forces.

BOYEVAYA VOZMOZllNOST' (combat capability) - The aggregate of
indicators characterizing the  combat  qualities  and  technical
capabilities of formations (units, subunits), service branches and
special troops during execution of their combat mission. Combat
capability is determined by the extent to which the unit is up to
strength, by its level of training, and by the degree to which it is
equipped with armament, combat materiel and quality and quantity of
transport facilities.

BOYEVAYA GOTOVNOST' VOORUZHENNYKH SIL (VOYSK) (combat readiness of
the armed forces [of troops]) - The state determining the degree of
readiness of each Service of the armed forces (troops) to fulfill the
combat missions assigned to it. The basic index of the armed forces'
readiness for combat is their ability to undertake combat missions,
within the prescribed time limits, having regard to the aim, plan, and
situation.

BOYEVAYA ZHIVUCHEST' (damage control) - The ability of personnel
servicing armament and combat materiel, of ships' crews and air crews,
to maintain fighting efficiency and to restore combat effectiveness
rapidly in the event of casualties and appreciable damage to armament
and combat materiel.

BOYEVAYA ZADACHA (combat mission) - A mission assigned to troops
(major field forces, formations, units) in order to achieve a definite
goal in a battle (operation) by a specific time. In an attack, for
example, a combat mission could consist in annihilation (rout) of a
principal enemy grouping in a certain zone, to a prescribed depth, or
in seizure of particular territory. In a defense, on the other hand, a
combat mission could consist in annihilating the advancing enemy,
denying him a breakthrough into the defended area, or in holding
particular occupied terrain. In an offensive, a combat mission for a
major field force is usually subdivided into an initial mission and a
subsequent mission. A combat mission for a formation could, in one case,
be subdivided into an immediate mission, a subsequent mission, and a
mission-of-the-day, or in another case, into an immediate mission, an
axis for further advance, and a mission-of-the-day. The content and
depth of a combat mission may vary, depending on a number of factors.

BOYEVAYA ZASHCHITA KORABLYA (defensive features of a warship) -
Special structures to improve a warship's ability to stay afloat, and
to protect personnel, armament and machinery from the various weapons
of an enemy.

BOYEVAYA MASHINA (combat vehicle) - An armored tracked (wheeled)
vehicle with armament mounted on it, used for combat. Combat vehicles
include tanks, self-propelled artillery mounts, armored personnel
carriers, armored cars, etc. A rocket launcher mounted on an automobile
is also called a combat vehicle.

BOYEVAYA OBSTANOVKA (combat situation) - The aggregate of the
various factors and conditions pertaining to a particular period during
which combat or an operation is to be prepared for and conducted. The
combat situation includes: the state of the enemy, friendly troops and
adjacent units, degree of radioactive and chemical contamination of the
terrain and of the air, nature of the terrain and the state of the road
network, economic condition of the region, political outlook and morale
of the population, weather, time of day and time of year.

BOYEVAYA PODGOTOVKA (combat training)Training provided to various
categories of servicemen, subunits, units and staffs for the conduet of
military operations, and to the rear services for their support
function.

BOYEVAYA SKOROSTREL'NOST' (effective rate of fire) - The greatest
number of shots which can be fired in a unit of time from a given
weapon without damaging it, taking into account the time needed for
reloading, changing aim, etc.

BOYEVAYA SPOSOBNOST' (BOYFSPOSOBNOST') (combat effectiveness) - The
ability of subunits, units, formations and strategic formations to
perform combat operations and accomplish the missions assigned to them.

BOYEVAYA TEKHNIKA (combat materiel) - The totality of all military
and technical equipment used in combat and to support troops in combat
and operations.

BOYEVAYA TREVOGA (combat alert) - A procedure for bringing troops
to a state of full combat readiness to complete a combat mission. A
combat alert is given by the senior commander, either as a command, or
by a prearranged signal transmitted through communication channels, or
otherwise.

BOYEVAYA USTOYCHIVOST' (combat stability)The ability of units and
formations of the Services to preserve their combat effectiveness under
the stress of enemy action.

BOYEVAYA CHAST' (na korable) (stations [on a warship]) - Subdivision
of a warship intended for the performance of particular functions.
Included are: battle stations, weapons, instruments, machines, steering
gear, communications, lookout posts, and other stations.

BOYEVAYA CHAST' RAKETY (missile warhead) - Tllie compartment or nose
cone of a missile where the charge and fuze system are located. The
charge may be nuclear or chemical, or it may consist of conventional
explosives.

BOYEVAYA EKONOMICHESKAYA SKOROST' KORABLYA (combat maximum range
speed of a warship)The speed attainable with the least expenditure of
fuel per mile run, at normal displacement and with all ordnance and
other auxiliary machinery operating in a system ensuring full readiness
for combat. A warship must maintain a maximum range speed during the
entire time required for execution of a combat mission.

BOYEVOYE DEZHURSTVO SREDSTV PVO (combat alert duty at air defense
facilities) - Subunits (units) stationed at control centers for air
defense forces and fighter aviation being at a certain state of
readiness to conduct combat operations. The procedure for carrying out
an operational 24-hour tour of [combat alert] duty at air defense
facilities is laid down in the senior commander's instructions.

BOYEVOYE DONESENIYE (combat report) - A written (graphic) document
or verbal report by a subordinate to his superior concerning the
progress of a combat mission.

BOYEVOYE NAPRYAZIIENIYE AVIATSII (combat intensity of aviation) -
The number of sorties which an aircrew of a subunit, unit, formation or
major formation is capable of flying in a 24-hour period or other
specified time. Mean norms of intensity (in sorties per aircrew) are
laid down for the various branches of aviation.

BOYEVOYE OBFSPECHENIYE AVIATSII (combat support of aviation) - A
system of measures aimed at providing direct support for the successful
completion of combat missions by formations, units, subunits and
individual aircraft. Such measures include: target reconnaissance or
preliminary target reconnaissance, overcoming enemy fighter opposition
in the air, suppressing ground air defense facilities on the flight
route and in the vicinity  of  the  target,  effecting  radio
countermeasures, and defending the airfield against nuclear weapons,
artillery fire, and air attack.

BOYEVOYE OKHRANENIYE (combat security) - One of the types of combat
support of troops (navy). Combat security is organized to prevent sudden
attack or the penetration of enemy reconnaissance into an area where the
protected troops (warships) are deployed, and to provide friendly troops
(warships) with sufficient time and advantageous conditions for
deployment and for entry into combat in the event of their coming into
contact with the enemy.

BOYEVOYE PITANIYE (combat materiel supply) - A system for supplying
troops with everything needed for combat (weapons, ammunition, etc.).

BOYEVOYE RASPORYAZHENIYE (operational instructions) - A combat
document (or a verbal presentation of its content) transmitted to the
troops in a combat situation for the purpose of assigning them missions
for a forthcoming operation. Operational instructions include brief
information concerning the enemy, the positions and missions of adjacent
units, and the combat mission of the troops to whose commanding officers
the combat instruction is issued.

BOYEVOY VYLET (sortie) - Flight by an aircraft or helicopter (group
of aircraft or helicopters) in connection with the fulfilment of a
combat mission.

BOYEVOY lNFORMATSIONNYY POST NA KORABLE (operations control center
on a warship) - A room (place) on a warship, especially equipped to
collect and process information (reports) concerning the surface, air
and underwater situation, obtained by the ship's own equipment or
received from other sources.

BOYEVOY KOMPLEKT (unit of fire) - The supply-and-accounting unit
adopted for operational and tactical planning with regard to materiel
and technical support required by troops (aviation) in order that a
particular combat mission may be accomplished.

BOYEVOY KURS (attack course) - The course on which a warship or
aircraft uses its weapons. The choice of attack course depends on the
properties of the weapons used, mission to be completed, and prevailing
situation.

BOYEVOY PORYADOK (order of battle; combat formation) - A grouping
of forces and weapons deployed for battle. A combat formation is drawn
up in accordance with the type, nature and concept of a forthcoming
battle.

BOYEVOY PRIKAZ (combat order) - An order issued by a commander
(general officer commanding) in a combat situation (verbally or in
writing) to subordinate troops to carry out a plan made by him.
Indicated in a combat order are: an evaluation of enemy grouping and
actions; missions and procedures for the use of atomic weapons by the
superior commander in the zone of operations by a major field force or
formation (unit); missions of adjacent units and the dividing lines
shared with them; missions and operational concept of the entire major
field force or formation (unit); combat missions  assigned  to
subordinates and the time troops are to be ready; location of command
posts, time of their deployment, and the sector in which they are to be
relocated; deputies.

BOYEVOY RASCHET (combat duty assignment)Assigninent of particular
duties to the servicemen of a subunit according to the nature of the
combat mission (observer, messenger, member of a patrol, ammunition
carrier, etc.). Combat duty assignment is done prior to a combat
mission. It may also be done prior to tactical training.

BOYEVOY SOSTAV (effective combat strength) - The effective strength
of a unit, formation or major field force intended for direct conduct
of an operation or battle. Effective combat strength units are: for
tactical purposes-missile launcher, tank, gun, aircraft, battalion,
battery, squadron, field-engineer company, warship; for operational and
strategic purposes-the division (in all Services of the armed forces)
or its corresponding unit, but in this case effective combat strength
is calculated primarily in terms of missile launchers and nuclear
ammunition; for infantry purposes-the total numerical strength of ground
forces, the number of machine guns, cannon, tanks; for air force
purposes-the number of aircraft; and for naval purposes-the number and
types of warships.

BOYEVYYE GRAFICHESKIYE DOKUMENTY (graphic combat documents) -
Orders, instructions, reports, etc., prepared on a map
or blank map, or in the form of a diagram, graph or table.

BOYEVYYE DEYSTVIYA (combat operations) - Operations of troops (air
force, naval fleet) directed at destroying enemy personnel and combat
materiel, seizing his territory, repelling his attacks, warding off his
strikes, and retaining one's own territory. Also, operations associated
with local movements and disposition of troops while under threat of
enemy attack.

BOYEVYYEDEYSTVIYA SIL FLOTA PO OBORONE SVOIKH MORSKIKH KOMMUNIKATSIY
(naval combat operations conducted to defend sea communications)
Operations conducted by naval forces independently or in cooperation
with front troops and maritime national air defense units in order to
protect merchant shipping and government-sponsored shipments for
military or national-economic purposes from enemy action.

BOYEVYYE DOKUMENTY (combat documents) - Staff documents pertaining
to preparations for organizing and conducting combat operations, as well
as to local movements and disposition of troops. Combat documents
include, for example, combat orders and instructions, combat reports,
working and position maps, various calculations, diagrams, etc.

BOYEVYYE POTERI (combat losses) - Losses of personnel and materiel
sustained as a result of enemy action.

BOYEVYYE PRIPASY (BOYEPRIPASY) (ammunition) - Missiles of various
types, artillery shells, mortar rounds, aerial bombs, naval torpedoes
and depth charges, hand grenades, and cartridges for small arms.

BOYEVYYE SVOYSTVA SAMOLETOV (combat characteristics of aircraft) -
The aggregate of the flying and tactical characteristics of an aircraft
(speed, rate of climb, ceiling, tactical radius of action, etc.), its
armament, radio and radar fit, i.e., qualities which determine the
probability of successful execution of combat missions.

BOYEVYYE STREL'BY (field firing) - Artillery firing or firing from
tanks and small arms, carried out using live or practice shells and
cartridges. Field firing may be done both in specialized artillery
training exercises and in training exercises with other service
branches. Field firing may be for training, record, demonstration, or
experimental purposes.

BOYEVYYE TRADITSII (combat traditions) - The accumulated rules and
customs which inspire armed forces personnel to fulfill their sacred
military duty to the Motherland selflessly and wholeheartedly. The
combat traditions of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy are traditions of
a new type. They are founded on the revolutionary traditions of the
working class and the Communist Party, and on the heroic traditions of
the Russian people. These combat traditions, gradually developing and
becoming enriched with new content, have become an integral part of the
everyday routine and life of the Soviet Army and Navy, and have become
the standard of conduct for our military personnel. These combat
traditions embody the highest qualities of Soviet servicemen, true sons
of our people, namely: unbounded devotion to the Motherland, the
Communist Party, and the Soviet government; courage and valor; the
readiness and ability to overcome any difficulty; and confidence in
their strength and certainty of victory over the enemy.

BOY (combat) - An organized clash of combatant units with the enemy,
using strikes and fire of all types, for the purpose of achieving
victory. Only by combat can destruction of the enemy manpower and
weapons, and suppression of his capacity for resistance, be attained.
Combat is a decisive test of the moral and physical strength of
personnel, and of the effectiveness of combat materiel.

BOY ZA VYSADKU MORSKOGO DESANTA (combat for an amphibious assault
landing) - An offensive battle in a coastal region, involving
penetration of the enemy's anti-landing defense, both on the water and
on shore, seizure of a beachhead (port), and landing thereon (therein)
all the troops pending assignment of onshore missions to them; combat
activities of ground forces or a naval infantry assault force, in
coordination with other types of Services (Air Force, Navy, Air
Defense), when landed in the enemy's rear from the sea or from the air.

BOY PRI OTRAZHENII VYSADKI MORSKOGO DESANTA (combat to repel an
amphibious assault landing) - A defensive action in a coastal region
to prevent an enemy landing or, in the event of his doing so, to
annihilate his landing force.

BOL'SHAYA STRATEGIYA (grand strategy) - A term widespread in foreign
literature. It embraces the military policy of the western imperialist
states, and their overall practices in conducting war.

BOMBARDIROVOCHNAYA AVIATSIONNAYA DNIZIYA (bombardment aviation
division) - A tactical formation of bombardment aviation. A bombardment
aviation division usually consists of several bombardment aviation
regiments, headquarters, and servicing subunits.

BOMBARDIROVOCHNAYA AVIATSIYA (bombardment aviation) - A branch of
aviation intended to destroy enemy targets at operational-tactical
distances in enemy territory by using various weapons in cooperation
with missile units and combined-arms major field forces (formations).

BOMBARDIROVOCHNYY AVIATSIONNYY KORPUS (bombardment aviation
corps) - An operational-tactical aviation formation consisting of
several bombardment aviation divisions, equipped with bombers.

BOMBARDIROVOCHNYY UDAR (bombing attack) - Simultaneous (during a
brief time) destruction of enemy targets (target) with aerial bombs of
various types.

BOMBARDIROVSHCHIK (bomber) - An aircraft having an armament
consisting primarily of bombs, and intended to destroy ground and sea
objectives, either in a region of combat operations or in the enemy's
deep rear. According to their design and tactical role, bombers are
subdivided into frontal and long-range (strategic) categories.

BOMBOVAYA NAGRUZKA (bomb load) - The total weight of bombs with
which an aircraft can be armed. A distinction is made between normal
bomb load and maximum (overload) bomb load.

BOMBOVAYA PLOTNOST' (bomb density) - The density of target
destruction by aerial bombs, characterized by the ratio of the weight
of aerial bombs (in tons) required to destroy the targets, or which have
actually fallen on them, to the area of these targets (in square
kilometers).

BOMBOVOY ZALP (cluster bombing) - Simultaneous dropping of bombs onto
a target from a single aircraft or from a group of aircraft.

BOMBOMET REAKTIVNYY PROTIVOLODOCHNYY (rocket-assisted depth-charge
thrower and launcher) - An apparatus mounted on the deck of a warship
for the purpose of throwing anti-submarine depth charges.

BOMBOMETANIYE (bombing) - The aimed release of aerial bombs of
various kinds from an aircraft or other airborne platform in order to
destroy ground or sea targets. Bombing may be done from a horizontal
flight, from a pitch up, or from a dive.

BON (harbor boom) - A floating structure (a wooden or metallic raft)
placed at right angles to the shore, and equipped to berth warships and
merchant vessels of moderate displacement (PT boats,  trawlers,
submarines, etc.).

BONY (boom defenses) - Combat obstructions, namely: floating structures
consisting of floats, logs, nets, weights, etc., obstructing the
passage of submarines and surface ships into a harbor or anchorage,
also preventing enemy torpedoes from reaching their targets.

BOR'BA ZA ZHIVUCHEST' KORABLYA (ship damage control [navy]) - The
aggregate of measures implemented by a ship's crew to deal with ingress
of water and outbreaks of fire, to prevent the explosion of ammunition
in magazines, to restore damaged services, and armament,  thus
maintaining the ship's combat capability.

BOR'BA S AVIATSIYEY PROTIVNIKA (combating enemy aviation) - One of
the most important tasks of all the Services of the armed forces and
arms, accomplished for the purpose of destroying or weakening enemy
aviation, creating favorable conditions for the conduct of operations,
and safeguarding troops and rear services installations from enemy air
attack.

BOR'BA S PODVODNYMI LODKAMI PROTIVNIKA (antisubmarine warfare) - One
of the basic tasks of modern navies, the essence of which consists in
destroying enemy submarines, primarily those armed with nuclear
missiles, both at sea and at the points where they are based and built.
Missile troops and long-range aviation may be assigned to the task of
combating enemy submarines.

BOR'BA S RADIOELEKTRONNYMI SREDSTVAMI PROTIVNIKA (combating enemy
radio-electronic equipment) - The measures adopted to hinder the enemy's
use of his radio-electronic equipment (jamming, destruction, etc.), and
ensuring reliable operation of our own radioelectronic equipment while
the enemy is trying to suppress it.

BRIGADA (brigade) - A formation of troops from different service
branches and special troops from the various Services, consisting of
several battalions (artillery battalions) and special subunits. There
are motor rifle brigades, motor transport brigades, railroad brigades,
etc.

BRIGADA KORABLEY OKHRANY VODNOGO RAYONA (brigade of ships for the
close protection of a sea area) - A tactical task force assigned to
guard a particular sea area, and made up of various kinds of naval
vessels (mine sweepers, anti-submarine vessels, patrol vessels, power
boats of various types, etc.).

BRIGADA MORSKIKH (RECHNYKH) KORABLEY (brigade of seagoing [river]
warships) - A tactical force of warships of one "class" consisting of
individual vessels of Categories 1 or 2 (submarines, destroyers,
monitors, etc.), or of divisions of vessels of Categories 3 or 4
(minesweepers, torpedo boats, armored cutters, etc.).

BRIGADA MORSKOY PEKHOTY (marine brigade) - A separate administrative-
tactical unit of the Marine Corps in the naval forces of the USA, and
of certain other capitalist countries. In the naval forces of Great
Britain, the marine brigade is the basic tactical formation.

BRIGADA TRUBOPROVODNAYA (pipeline brigade)- A rear services formation
which includes several subunits of main field pipeline troops.

BRONEVAYA BASHNYA (armored turret) - Armored cover for guns,
machine guns, observation and control mechanisms, shaped in the form of
a segment of a sphere, a cylinder, or a truncated cone. According to
their design, armored turrets are subdivided into rotating, non
rotating, and self-concealing categories. Armored turrets are mounted
on armored vehicles (tanks, armored cars, armored trains), warships, and
on permanent fortifications.

BRONEKATER (armored cutter) - A warship of moderate displacement (up
to 100 tons), intended for operation in coastal and skerry regions (the
seagoing armored cutter) or on rivers (the river armored cutter). It has
one or two guns (57-85 millimeters caliber) and light armor plating.

BRONETANKOVAYA DIVIZIYA (foreign) (armored division) - Combined-arms
tactical formation in foreign armies, consisting of tanks, motorized
infantry brigades (regiments, battalions), divisional artillery, missile
subunits and units, (subunits) of other arms and special troops.

BRONETANKOVAYA TEKHNIKA (armored vehicles) - Armored combat and
auxiliary vehicles in the armament of ground troops. Armored vehicles
include tanks, self-propelled artillery mounts, armored personnel
carriers, armored cars, armored recovery vehicles,  and  combat
reconnaissance patrol vehicles.

BRONETANKOVOYE IMUSHCHESTVO (armored vehicle support materiel) Materiel
necessary to support the operation, servicing, storage, maintenance
and evacuation of armored vehicles. Armored vehicle support materiel
includes mechanical equipment, electrical equipment, spare parts,
tools, and various materials and accessories.

BRONETRANSPORTER (armored personnel carrier) - An armored vehicle
intended for transporting infantry and for combat. It may be used for
liaison, reconnaissance, and other special tasks. There are wheeled and
tracked armored carriers.

BUY RADIOGIDROAKUSTICHESKIY (radiohydroacoustic buoy)- A small
floating device containing a hydroacoustic station and a radio
transmitter. When a submarine is detected, a radiohydroacoustic buoy
automatically transmits prearranged signals.

BUKSIRUYEMAYA GIDROAKUSTICHESKAYA STANTSIYA (towed hydroacoustic
station) - A hydroacoustic station especially designed for towing by a
warship or aircraft (helicopter), and intended for submarine detection.

BUCHIL'NAYA USTANOVKA (clothes-decontamination unit) - Apparatus
used to decontaminate and disinfect cotton uniforms, garments worn to
protect the skin, and tarpaulins. A clothes-decontamination unit may
also be used for disinfecting kitchenware.

BYSTRODEYSTVUYUSHCHAYA TELEGRAFNAYA SVYAZ' (high-speed telegraph
communication) - Transmission of information by means of trains of
binary signals of I second to 1 minute duration, at the rate of 15-00
bauds (15-30 bits per second).

BYSTRODEYSTVUYUSHCHIYE OTRAVLYAYUSHCHIYE VESHCHESTVA (quick-acting
chemical warfare agents) - Poisonous substances whose action on the
human organism becomes apparent immediately after they are inhaled or
ingested or otherwise gain entry into the body (e.g., hydrocyanic
(prussic) acid, or SARIN).

BYSTROTA SVYAZI (rapidity of communications) - The ability of
communications to ensure the transmission (receipt) of  orders,
instructions, reports and signals within the time limits dictated by the
requirements of command. Rapidity is one of the basic demands made on
communications.

BYSTROKHODNAYA TRANSHEYNAYA MASHINA (BTM) (high-speed trench
digging machine) - Engineering machinery for digging combat trenches
and communication trenches. The working mechanism, which is of the
rotor type, is mounted on a heavy artillery tractor chassis. A
high-speed trench-digging machine can dig trenches to a depth of 1.5
meters. The machine's productivity depends on soil category and
excavation depth, but may reach 500 linear meters of trench per hour.

VAKTSINATSIYA (vaccination) - Method of creating an active immunity
to contagious diseases in man by introducing a vaccine into the human
organism. Armed forces personnel are vaccinated at regular intervals or
according to the epidemiological situation.

VVOD V BOY (commitment to combat) - An organized movement forward,
deployment and engagement of units of the second echelon and combined
arms reserve in order to increase the effort along a given axis, to
develop the success achieved by the first echelon, to replace the troops
of the first echelon when the latter has lost its combat effectiveness
as a result of enemy nuclear attack, and also to fulfill new combat
missions.

VVOD V SRAZHENIYE (commitment to battle) - An organized advance of
a formation of the second echelon (combined-arms reserve) of a front
(army) into the first echelon, and their deployment in the course of the
operation to increase the effort along the axis of the main attack, to
develop the success achieved by the first echelon, to take possession
of important areas, or to carry out other missions.

VVODNAYA (tactical problem) - A situation created in order to work
out certain training problems, while conducting exercises both on maps
and in the field.

VEDENIYE BOYA (conduct of a battle) - The process (course) of a
unit's combat activities in the execution of assigned combat missions.

VEDENIYE OPERATSII (conduct of an operation) - The process whereby
the troops of an operational grouping (several major field forces of one
or various Services of the armed forces) execute missions to ensure
enemy defeat in battles and engagements that are differentiated
frontally, in depth and in time, staged on the ground, in the air or at
sea, as a result of which an assigned operational or strategic objective
is achieved.

VEROYATHOST' VYKHODA NA TSEL' (probability of reaching a target)
The ratio of the number of approaches by aircraft to a target to the
total number of sorties flown in the execution of a given aerial
bombing mission. Expressed as a percentage.

VEROYATNOST' POPADANIYA (PORAZHENIYA) (probability of a hit)
Numerical characterization of the probability of hitting a target
under given firing conditions.

VERTIKAL'NAYA ZAVESA MN (vertical mine screen) - A form of mine
obstacle intended to prevent the passage of submarines which are
proceeding submerged. The mines in a vertical mine screen are placed at
various depths, i.e., in tiers, so as to cover the water mass to the sea
bottom or to the submarine's maximum diving depth.

VERTIKAL'NAYA SKOROST' (rate of climb or descent) - The gain or loss
of altitude by an airborne vehicle per unit time.

VERTOLET (helicopter) - A heavier-than-air flying machine which
flies with the aid of one or more lift rotors. A helicopter possesses
the capability of taking off and landing without a run, and of hovering
at a fixed altitude above a given point on the ground or water surface.
Helicopters are used for carrying airborne units in landing operations,
for submarine search-and-strike purposes, for reconnaissance, for
artillery spotting purposes, for liaison, for evacuating wounded, etc.

VERTOLETONOSETS (foreign) (helicopter carrier) - A surface warship
used to base and support helicopters designated for transport and
landing operations, and to accommodate marine detachments participating
in such operations. In the US Navy, helicopter carriers are in the
landing-ship category.

VERKHOVHOYE GLAVNOYE KOMANDOVANIYE (supreme high command) - The organ
of strategic direction over armed combat and over all armed forces of
a country in wartime.

VES MAKSIMAL'NYY (PEREGRUZOCHNYY) SAMOLETA (VERTOLETA) (maximum
[overload] weight of an aircraft [helicopter]) - The greatest weight of
an aircraft (helicopter). At such a weight, takeoff (unassisted or with
the aid of boosters) and safe flight are possible.

VES POLEZNOGO GRUZA (payload) - The net weight of cargo, not
including the weight of fastenings and other devices used during
transportation.

VETER V PRIZEMNOM SLOYE VOZDUKHA (surface wind) - "Surface wind,"
i.e., the movement of air masses observed at ground level up to a height
of 12 meters from the Earth's surface (i.e., the height at which weather
vanes [wind socks] are mounted).

VZAIMNOYE  OPOZNAVANIYE  (mutual  identification)  -  Mutual
determination of the affiliation of troops, aircraft and warships in
order to preclude the possibility of harm to friendly troops, warships
or aircraft.

VZAIMODEYSTVIYE VOYSK (troop coordination) - Coordination between the
various Services of the armed forces and service branches participating
in an operation (battle), with respect to missions, sectors, boundary
lines, and times of action. Under present-day conditions, troop
coordination must be persistent and continuous throughout the course of
the entire operation (battle), and must ensure, first of all,
coordination of combat operations involving nuclear weapons with respect
to target, place and time. Troop coordination is organized between the
Services, between major field forces and formations consisting of one
or several Services, between service branches and arms and between units
and sub-units, as well as between individual groupings of operational
concentrations (order of battle). According to the purpose of the
actions and the scale of the coordinated groupings, troop coordination
may be strategic, operational or tactical.

VZLETNO-POSADOCHNAYA POLOSA (VPP) (runway) - A specially prepared and
equipped area of an airfield, permitting take-off and landing of
aircraft. A runway may be unpaved or it may have an artificial surface
(concrete, reinforced concrete, bituminous concrete, metal, etc.). The
dimensions of a runway and the thickness and strength of its surface
depend on the take-off and landing characteristics of the aircraft for
which the given runway is intended.

VZRYV (explosion) - Rapid (instantaneous) liberation of energy
associated with a sudden change in the state of a substance,
accompanied, as a rule, by the formation of a shock wave and its
propagation through the surrounding medium. Possible initial forms of
an explosion's energy are chemical, nuclear, electric, thermal, and
kinetic.

VZRYVATEL' AKUSTICHESKIY NEKONTAKTNYY (acoustic proximity fuze) -
Mechanism causing explosion of the primer in the charge of a mine or
torpedo under the action of a sound wave propagated in the water. The
source of the sound wave which triggers the mechanism is usually the
sound of a ship's propellers or main engines.

VZRYVCHATYYE VESHCHESTVA (VV) (explosives) - Chemical compounds or
mechanical mixtures of substances capable of instantaneous
decomposition (explosion) with the liberation of gases, a
considerable amount of heat, and the development of high pressures at
the shock front (trotyl [trinitro-toluene, TNT], melinite [lyddite],
tetryl [tetranitromethylaniline], hexogen [trimethylene trinitramine],
mercury fulminate, gunpowder, etc.). Nuclear explosives are substances
capable of liberating a huge amount of energy instantaneously as a
result of a nuclear (thermonuclear) reaction of an explosive nature. Two
types of nuclear explosive are differentiated: fissile materials (for
example: uranium-235, plutonium-239) and substances used for
thermonuclear reactions (for example: lithium deuteride).

VIDEOTELEFONNAYA SZYAZ' (videotelephone communication) - A form of
communication based on the use of television technology, permitting
documents and the subscriber to be seen during conversations.

VIDY AVIATSII (elements of aviation) - The component parts of the
Air Force: frontal aviation, long-range aviation, and military
transport aviation.

VIDY BOYA (types of combat) - The combat activities of subunits,
units, and formations, distinguished by their purposes and the troops'
methods of operation. The basic type of combat is offensive combat.

VIDY VOORUZHENNYKH SIL (Services of the armed forces) - The
component parts of the country's armed forces, each intended to conduct
combat activities in its own sphere of operation (on land, at sea, and
in the air or space). The Services of the Armed Forces of the Soviet
Union are: Strategic Missile Forces, National Air Defense Forces, Ground
Forces, the Air Force, and the Navy. Each Service has its own peculiar
combat materiel, homogeneous in essence but diversified in its
characteristics and potentialities. Each Service  has  its  own
organization, recruitment, training, conditions of service, and supply,
and also has characteristic methods of using its armament and military
materiel on a tactical, operational and strategic scale.

VIDY YADERNYKH VZRYVOV (types of nuclear explosion) - Ground, air,
high-altitude, surface, underwater, and underground. The choice of one
or another form of nuclear explosion is governed by the destructive
effect peculiar to it, by the nature of the target, by the desired
degree of its destruction, by the permissible scale of the attack, and
by the desired degree of radioactive contamination of the area.

VIZUAL'NOYE NABLYUDENIYE (visual observation) - One of the methods
of reconnaissance, done with the naked eye or with the aid of optical
instruments.

VNEZAPNOST'(surprise) - One of the principles of military art, ensuring
success in battle and in operations. Surprise makes it possible to
inflict heavy losses upon the enemy in short periods of time, to
paralyze his will, and to deprive him of the possibility of offering
organized resistance. Surprise is achieved in the following ways: by
using various types and methods of combat; by misleading the enemy as
to one's own intentions; by safeguarding the security of operational
plans; by decisive action and skilful maneuver; by unexpected use of
nuclear weapons; and by using means and methods with which the enemy
is unfamiliar. Surprise may be tactical, operational, or strategic.

VNESHNEYE OBLUCHENIYE (external irradiation) - Irradiation by a
radioactive source located outside the organism. It may be produced by
all forms of radioactive radiation, but only gamma radiation, beta
radiation and neutrons are of military significance. The effectiveness
of external irradiation depends on the dose, the form of radiation, the
radiation energy, the time distribution of the dose of ionizing
radiation, and on the nature of the irradiation (the entire organism or
regions of individual organs).

VNUTRENNEYE OBLUCHENIYE (internal irradiation) - Irradiation
originating from radioactive substances which have penetrated the
organism. It continues without interruption until such time as the
radioactive substance decays or is removed from the organism.

VNUTRENNIYE VODNYYE PUTI (inland waterways) - Natural (rivers, lakes)
and artificial (canals, reservoirs, locked rivers) watercourses used for
mercantile and naval vessels. Inland waterways are an integral part of
a state's unified transportation network, and may be used to maneuver
naval forces between various maritime (ocean) theaters of military
operations.

VNUTRENNYAYA SLUZHBA (internal service) - A type of service
organized in military units and subunits to maintain internal order, to
provide normal training, working and living conditions for servicemen,
to ensure strict fulfillment by each serviceman of his general military
and personal service responsibilities, to organize and keep order and
do guard duty within the area where the military unit Is located (or
aboard ship). Internal service encompasses the entire life of a military
unit, determining the basic principles governing its arrangement,
billeting, supply, servicing and daily routine, the responsibilities of
duty personnel and the duties of those in the daily detail of a military
unit, the composition of the daily detail, and also the basic measures
in sanitation and hygiene necessary to preserve the health of personnel.
Internal service is regulated by the Ustav vnutrenney sluzhby
(Regulations on Internal Service) and by the Ustav Korabel'noy sluzhby
voyenno-morshikh sil (Regulations for Shipboard Service in the Navy).

VNUTRIESKADRENNAYA SVYAZ'  (intrasquadron  communication)
Communication between warships under way, accomplished by visual or
hydroacoustic signalling, and by low-power radio, predominantly in the
ultra-short wave band.

VODNAYA PREGRADA (water barrier) - A natural or artificial water
obstacle (a river, lake, strait, canal,  estuary,  bay,  etc.)
substantially affecting the conduct of ground force operations. The
principal elements of a water barrier are: width, depth, speed of
current, wave state, the nature of the banks, bottom, and approaches to
the shore, and the presence of underwater obstacles (rocks, shoals).

VODNYYE ZAGRAZHDENIYA (water obstacles) - Artificial water barriers
in the form of flooded or swamped terrain created in an operational
sector by demolishing dams and dikes on natural and artificial bodies
of water, by releasing water from reservoirs, or by damming up rivers
to cause them to overflow their banks.

VODOIZMESHCHENIYE (displacement) - The weight of water displaced by
a floating ship, measured in tons. In the case of warships, a
distinction is made between empty, standard, full, normal and maximum
displacement, according to the presence on board of the following: fuels
and lubricants, drinking water, munitions, provisions, ship's stores,
and personnel. In the case of merchant ships and naval auxiliary
vessels, a distinction is made between empty displacement and full-cargo
displacement.

VOYENNAYA ADMINISTRATSIYA (military administration) - (1)The branch
of military science dealing with the organization, maintenance, manning
and mobilization of the armed forces, and also with internal service.
(2) Military control of territory acquired in the course of combat
operations, or occupied as a result of war.

VOYENNAYA GEOGRAFIYA (military geography) - The branch of military
science dealing with contemporary political, economic, natural and
military conditions in various countries, theaters of  military
operations and particular areas, from the viewpoint of their effect on
the preparation for, and conduct of, military operations. Military'
geography should include naval geography as an independent discipline.

VOYENNAYA DOKTRINA (military doctrine) - A nation's officially
accepted system of scientifically founded views on the nature of modern
wars and the use of armed forces in them, and also on the requirements
arising from these views regarding the country and its armed forces
being made ready for war. Military doctrine has two aspects: political
and military-technical. The basic tenets of a military doctrine are
determined by a nation's political and military leadership according to
the socio-political order, the country's level of economic, scientific
and technological development, and the armed forces' combat materiel,
with due regard to the conclusions of military science and the views of
the probable enemy.

VOYENNAYA IGRA (war game) - One of the methods of training officers,
generals, admirals and staffs, consisting in having the participants in
the game solve various tactical, operational and strategic problems on
topographic maps or on the terrain. In a war game, each participant
fulfils the functional responsibilities corresponding to the position
occupied. The theme and scale of a war game are determined by the object
of the exercise. In scale, war games are subdivided into tactical,
operational and strategic. In form, war games are designated as command,
command-staff, or special, whereas organizationally they may be
single-stage or two-stage (less frequently three-stage). According to
the number of sides playing, a war game may be one-sided or two-sided.

VOYENNAYA ISTORIYA (military history) - A branch of historical
science, and at the same time a branch of military science, because a
research topic in military history is a generalization of the military
experience of the past, serving as one of the sources of development for
modem military science. In studying the objective laws that govern war,
Soviet military history uses the basic tenets of Marxist-Leninist
philosophy. The main scientific disciplines of military history include
the history of wars, history of military art, and the history of the
Services.

VOYENNAYA KIBERNETIKA (military cybernetics) - A military-technical
science which is a branch of cybernetics. Military cybernetics deals
with the structure and laws of operation of systems for the control of
troops and weapons, and also defines the tactic-technical requirements
which the technological equipment of such systems must meet.

VOYNNNAYA MOSHCH' (military power) - The capability of a nation to
defend itself and to conduct successful military operations against a
powerful enemy. The basis of military power is a nation's political
structure, its industrial potential, its level of development of science
and technology, and the qualitative structure of its population (with
respect to education, political upbringing, and technical training). A
nation's military power is vested directly in its armed forces.

VOYENNAYA NAUKA (military science) - A system of knowledge
concerning the nature, essence and content of armed conflict, and
concerning the manpower, facilities and methods for conducting combat
operations by means of armed forces and their comprehensive support.
Military science investigates the objective laws governing armed
conflict, and elaborates questions pertaining to the theory of military
art, which is the basic component of military science, as well as
questions pertaining to the organization, training and supply of armed
forces, and also deals with military historical experience.  Soviet
military science is based on Marxist-Leninist teachings and is guided
by the method of materialistic dialectics and historical materialism,
taking into account and using the achievements of those other sciences
which tend to promote continual development and progress in the military
sphere.

VOYENNAYA PEDAGOGIKA (military pedagogy) - The branch of pedagogical
and military science studying and evolving the most rational methods of
Communist education, military education and training for cadre personnel
of the armed forces in accordance with the tasks confronting the
country's armed forces as a whole, and each Service in particular.
Military pedagogy also includes teaching methodologies for individual
military disciplines.

VOYENNAYA PROPAGANDA (military propaganda) - Ideological indoctrination
of the toiling masses in capitalist countries with a view to convincing
them of the inevitability and necessity of wars, especially against
socialist countries and against colonial people who are striving for
liberation.

VOYENNAYA PSIKHOLOGIYA (military psychology) - The branch of
psychology dealing with the objective laws governing the mental
processes of man under conditions of military service, and also the laws
governing the formation of a serviceman's personality characteristics.
Military psychology studies the consciousness and the emotions of armed
forces personnel. Military psychology is used to inculcate the resolute
qualities which the fighting man needs.

VOYEl'lNAYA RAZVEDKA (military intelligence) - The aggregate of
measures taken to obtain and study information concerning the armed
forces, theater of military operations (terrain), state of the economy,
and the political motivation and morale in enemy or potentially enemy
states. Military intelligence is conducted either by military resources,
in which case it is called operational intelligence, or by special
organs, in which case it is called clandestine intelligence. According
to the scale of the operations in support of which it is organized and
conducted, military intelligence is subdivided  into  strategic,
operational and tactical. These types of intelligence are closely
interrelated, and supplement one another.

VOYENNAYA TOPOGRAFIYA (military topography) - The  military
discipline which develops and establishes methods and means of
representing a locality in such a way as to facilitate combat operations
by troops. Military topography includes: studying the terrain from the
operational-tactical viewpoint; studying methods of orientation in the
terrain under various conditions of combat activity; the taking of
measurements by troops in the terrain for the purpose of obtaining the
data necessary for the fulfilment of small-arms, artillery, and
engineering tasks, and studying questions pertaining to the topographic
support of combat operations.

VOYENNAYA FILOSOFIYA (military philosophy) - A concept encountered
in bourgeois literature. Idealism and metaphysics comprise  the
methodological-philosophical basis of the views of bourgeois military
theorists. From the viewpoint of Marxism-Leninism, there is no special
military philosophy.

VOYENNO-AVTOMOBIL'NAYA DOROGA (military highway) - A road serviced
by road repair and traffic control troops and intended for moving troops
and supplies, and evacuations of all types. According to their purpose
and standard of servicing, military highways are subdivided into main
and secondary.

VOYENNO-VOZDUSHNYYE SILY (VVS) (Air Force) - A Service of the Armed
Forces of the Soviet Union, including long-range aviation, frontal
aviation and military transport aviation. The Air Force is intended for
combined operations with the other Services of the armed forces and for
air operations.

VOYENNOYE ISKUSSTVO (military art) - The theory and practice of
engaging in combat, operations, and armed conflict as a whole, with the
use of all the resources of the service branches and Services of the
armed forces, and also support of combat activities in every regard.
Military art, as a scientific theory, is the main field of military
science, and includes tactics, operational art, and strategy, which
constitute an organic unity and are interdependent.

VOYENNOYE POLOZHENIYE (martial law) - An extraordinary situation in
a country or in individual regions thereof, usually implemented by
decision of the supreme organ of governmental authority in exceptional
circumstances (war, disaster, etc.).

VOYENNOYE PROIZVODSNO (war production) - Production of all types of
armament, war materiel, and other armed forces supply items needed to
conduct an armed conflict (ammunition, fuel, spare parts, means of
protection from weapons of mass destruction, means of communication,
control instruments, etc.). In peacetime, the production of armament and
war materiel is accomplished only by special factories of the military
industry to satisfy current requirements of the armed forces, to release
experimental prototypes of armament and war materiel, and to create and
replenish stocks. In wartime, a considerable proportion of a nation's
industry is diverted to war production.

VOYENNO-INZHENERNOYE ISSKUSTVO (military-engineering art) - The
branch of military art embracing: engineering preparation of theaters
of military operations, the theory and practice of engineering support
for combat operations of troops, the fundamentals of the organization
and combat employment of engineering troops and their coordination with
formations and units of service branches and the Services of the armed
forces, the design of military-engineering structures, and development
of engineering equipment and methods of using them in combat and other
operations.

VOYENNO-INFORMATSIONNYYE ZADACHI (military information missions) -
Tasks associated with the systematic collection, processing, storage
and output of information with the aid of electronic computer
technology.

VOYENNO-MORSKAYA BAZA (VMB) (naval base) - The fundamental element
of the system for the basing of naval forces. A naval base is an
equipped and defended coastal region which has several basing points and
which permits dispersed basing and extensive maneuvering of naval
forces.

VOYENNO-MORSKAYA GEOGRAFIYA (naval geography) - An independent
discipline of military geography. In the interest of the military and
naval arts, naval geography investigates  geographic,  economic,
demographic, military and morale factors and natural conditions in
maritime theaters and countries, and also determines to what extent
these factors and conditions may affect operations and combat activities
within the limits of the investigated maritime theaters.

VOYENNO-MORSKAYA NAUKA (naval science) - A component part of
military science, dealing with questions pertaining to the role of the
navy in armed conflicts, its organization, and training.

VOYENNO-MORSKAYA RAZVEDKA (naval reconnaissance) - The aggregate of
measures taken by naval commands and units to obtain such information
about the enemy in theaters of naval operations as is needed to suport
the day-to-day combat and operational activities of naval forces.
According to the affiliation of the personnel engaged in it, naval
reconnaissance is subdivided into the air, ship, coastal, radio
technical, clandestine, and special (mine, ice, etc.) categories.

VOYENNO-MORSKAYA FLOTILIYA (naval flotilla) - An operational
grouping of naval forces intended to conduct operations and combat
actions in a separate sector of a theater of naval operations. According
to the missions assigned to it, a naval flotilla includes submarine,
naval aviation, surface ship, and coastal missile and artillery forces.
Organized to support the combat operations of the components of a naval
flotilla are naval bases, special services, rear service units and
establishments, and communication, observation, armament, ship repair,
and other elements.

VOYENNOMORSKOE ISKUSSTVO (naval art) - A branch of military art and
a field of naval science, namely, the theory and practice of organizing
and waging armed conflict at sea. Naval art investigates, studies and
determines methods of armed conflict at sea, ways of achieving victory
in such conflict, and the organization and conduct of naval operations
and combat actions. Naval art includes the strategic use of the navy in
warfare, naval operational art, the tactics of branches of naval forces,
and also questions concerning training the navy for war. Naval art is
governed by the general laws of military art, but armed conflict at sea
is also governed by the specific laws arising from the unique features
of the navy as a Service of the armed forces, the uniqueness of its
missions, and the special features of theaters of naval operations.

VOYENNOMORSKOY FLOT (VMF) (Soviet Navy) - A Service of the Armed
Forces of the Soviet Union, intended to wage war in water areas.
Organizationally, the Soviet Navy consists of operational forces, fleets
and flotillas, carrying out combat activity in maritime or ocean
theaters of war (or parts of them), on lakes and rivers, independently
or in coordination with other Services of the armed forces.

VOYENNONAUCHNOYE OBSHCHESTVO (Military Scientific Society) - A
public organization founded on a volunteer basis in directorates,
military educational institutions and establishments, staffs, and army
and navy officers' clubs for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  officers,
generals and admirals to participate in military scientific work and in
the propagation of military scientific knowledge.
VOYENNOOBYAZANNYY (draft-age person) - An individual who is
recognized by the Universal Military Service Law as fit for military
service, and who is listed as a member of the reserve.

VOYENNO-POLITICHESKAYA TSEL' (politico-military goal) - A component
part of the overall political goal of the war, which is set by the
political leadership of a nation for the initial and subsequent periods
of a war. A politico-military goal is achieved by resolving several
strategic missions simultaneously or sequentially. The overall goal of
the war is attained as a result of achieving politico-military goals.

VOYENNO-TOPOGRAFICHESKAYA SLUZHBA (VTS) (Military Topographic
Service) - A special service, having its elements on staffs of
formations and operational formations [major field forces]; and also
special units and establishments,  namely:  topographic,  aerial
photo-topographic, and geodesic detachments; cartographic plants and
units; map depots; etc. In peacetime, the Military Topographic Service
is engaged chiefly in the preparation of topographic maps and geodesic
data on the territory of probable theaters of military operations, in
the topographic training of troops, and in scientific research work in
the fields of cartography, geodesy, and aerial photography. In wartime,
the most important task of the Military Topographic Service is to
provide topographic support for the combat operations of troops.

VOYENNO-TRANSPORTNAYA AVIATSIYA (military transport aviation) - The
element of aviation intended for airborne assault landing operations;
for transporting troops and combat materiel; for delivering armament and
materiel to troops and bases; and for evacuating sick and wounded
personnel.

VOYENNO-EKONOMICHFSKAYA RAZVEDKA (military-economic intelligence) -
(1) Intelligence, concerning the state of the enemy economy insofar as
it affects his ability to wage war, gathered for the purpose of acting
against enemy economic potential, primarily by force of arms. (2)
Intelligence, concerning enemy objectives of economic significance,
gathered with a view to the use of such objectives by friendly forces
operating in that theater of war.

VOYENNO-EKONOMICHESKIY  POTENTSIAL  STRANY  (military-economic
potential of a country) - The real capacity of a country to meet the
demand for materiel and to satisfy the needs of modern warfare at the
front and in the rear. Such capacity stems from the productive forces
and politico-economic structure of the warring country. When assessing
the military-economic potential of a country, the nature of the war, the
scale of its demands, and the degree of coordination of the rear must
also be considered.

VOYENNYYE DEYSTVIYA (military operations) - Operations of the armed
forces in wartime, directed at destroying the enemy on land, at sea, and
in the air.

VOYENNYYE SOOBSHCHENIYA (military transport [network]) -(1) Land,
water and air routes used for military purposes. (2) Authorities engaged
in the planning and organization of troop movements, and also in the use
of all forms of transport routes and means of transportation.

VOYENNYY BLOK (military bloc) - An agreement between capitalist
nations (groups of nations) with a view to concerted action for the
attainment of common politico-military goals. The activities of such
nations are pursued not only in wartime, but also prior to the outbreak
of war, in the resolution of economic, political and military problems.
Under prevailing conditions, the military blocs of capitalist nations
have aggressive goals. At the present time, the following principal
aggressive blocs of capitalist nations, headed by the USA, exist: NATO-
15 nations (from 1949); CENTO-4 nations (from 1959); SEATO-9 nations
(from 1954); ANZUS-3 nations (from 1957); Treaty of Rio de Janeiro-21
nations, 20 of which are Latin American (from 1947). Even in peacetime,
some of these military blocs have unified armed forces and a single
supreme command and staff.

VOYENNYY KOMENDANT (military commandant) - (1) In a populated point
or in a military camp, the person responsible for ensuring that military
personnel conduct garrison and guard duty, observe discipline, maintain
order, and carry out the orders of the chief of the garrison. (2) On
railroads and water transport, the person responsible for military
transportation of personnel or materiel.

VOYENNYY KOMISSARIAT (military commissariat) - The local military
administration office in towns, rayons, oblasts and  autonomous
republics, that maintains a register of persons subject to compulsory
military service, appoints them as draftees to the Army or Navy
initially, assembles them periodically for training or muster, and
calls them up in the event of mobilization.

VOYENNYY OKRUG (military district) - The highest military-
administrative level of military units, training institutions,
military establishments of the various Services, and local military
registration-mobilization offices (military commissariats), disposed in
a particular area. A military district is headed by the officer
commanding the troops of the district; he takes maesures in consultation
with the military council, staff of the district, district directorates,
and local authorities.

VOYENNYY POTENTSIAL GOSUDARSTVA (military potential of a state) -
The actual capability of a state to wage war. The magnitude of this
capability at any given time depends on the quantity and quality of its
weapons, primarily nuclear weapons, and its means of delivering them to
the target, the quality and quantity of combat materiel at the disposal
of the armed forces, the production potential of the war industry, the
numbers and quality of personnel in the permanent forces and reserve,
the level of their military knowledge and organizing ability, and the
ability of command personnel for building up, training and using armed
forces strategically, operationally and tactically. The term "military
potential of a state" is often understood in a broader context,
including the economic and moral potential of the country, which is
equivalent to the concept of the military strength of the state as a
whole.
VOYENNYY SOVET (military council) - A collective body, existing in
the Services of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, and in military
districts, fleets, groups of forces, armies, and flotillas. A military
council directs combat and political training, and education of troops,
administrative matters and mobilizational activity, working in close
contact with local Party and government authorities.

VOYENNYY TRIBUNAL (military tribunal) - One of the special courts
of the USSR that tries military offenses, as well as other offenses
assigned by law to its jurisdiction.

VOZHDENIYE VOYSK (troop leadership) - An art, in which mainly
military commanders are versed, constituting the most expedient method
of leading troops in operations, engagements and battles for the purpose
of destroying the enemy and achieving victory rapidly. Troop leadership
envisages their creative, organizational and political work. Of these,
the main one is creative work, which consists in developing the concepts
of operations and battles, and in making decisions to secure their
implementation. In their troop leadership activity, military commanders
constantly rely on staffs and political authorities, and the latter
unreservedly support such activity.

VOZDUSHNAYA ARMIYA (air army) - A major formation of aviation,
consisting of aviation formations and units, and also of support and
servicing units and establishments. An air army is intended for joint
combat operations with various Services of the armed forces.

VOZDUSHNAYA BLOKADA (air blockade) - Isolating a portion of enemy
territory or a town or fortified region from the air by means of
aviation. The aim of an air blockade is complete stoppage of air
communication with the rest of the territory and with the enemy's main
armed forces, and the creation of favorable conditions for his
subsequent destruction or capture. As a rule, an air blockade
supplements a blockade of the enemy by land and sea.

VOZDUSHNAYA OBSTANOVKA (air situation) - One of the most important
elements of a situation, characterizing the composition, grouping, and
nature of combat operations of friendly and hostile aviation, the use
of unmanned equipment, and of air defense facilities. The air situation
is assessed when making decisions, and when planning, organizing and
conducting operations (combat actions).

VOZDUSHNAYA OPERATSIYA (air operation) - The aggregate of combat
activities engaged in by major formations and formations of long-range
(strategic) aviation, in coordination with other branches of aviation
and with other Services of the armed forces. An air operation is
performed in accordance with a single concept and in conformity with a
plan of the Supreme High Command for the attainment of major operational
or strategic goals in continental or ocean theaters of military
operations.

VOZDUSHNAYA RADIATSIONNAYA RAZVEDKA MESTNOSTI (ATMOSFERY) (aerial
radiation reconnaissance of the terrain [atmosphere]) - Reconnaissance
to determine the degree of radioactive contamination of the terrain (or
atmosphere) with the aid of dosimetric instruments installed in
helicopters (or fixed-wing aircraft).

VOZDUSHNAYA RADIO- I RADIOLIKATSIONNAYA RAZVEDKA (aerial radio and
radar intelligence Collection) - Intelligence collection of data on
ground, water and air targets carried out with the aid of airborne
radar equipment.

VOZDUSHNAYA RADIOTEKHNICHESKAYA RAZVEDKA (airborne electronic
intelligence collection) - Intercept of enemy radio transmissions and
detection of his radio-communication and other radio-technical
equipment with the aid of airborne equipment.

VOZDUSHNAYA RAZVEDKA (air reconnaissance) - One of the main types of
reconnaissancce, which obtains information concerning enemy objects on
the ground, in the air, or at sea. Air reconnaissance is done by
reconnaissance aviation units, by reconnaissance subunits of aviation
units and formations, and also by all crews carrying out combat
missions. Air reconnaissance is accomplished both by piloted aircraft
and by unmanned means in support of the combat operations of major
formations and formations of all the Services of the armed forces. The
principal methods of air reconnaissance are visual observation, aerial
photography, use of radio-technical facilities, etc. Depending on the
character and scale of the missions to be carried  out,  air
reconnaissance is divided into strategic, operational, and tactical. Air
reconnaissance carried out in support of aviation and missile forces,
according to the plan, the assigned mission and the time of its
execution, is subdivided into preliminary, direct ("final") and
surveillance categories.

VOZDUSIlNAYA TREVOGA (air raid warning) - A warning by established
signals that there is danger of enemy air attack.

VOZDUSHNO-DESANTNAYA DIVIZIYA (airborne division) - The basic
combined-arms operational-tactical formation of airborne troops. It
consists of several regiments, (artillery) battalions [Divizionnyye
Chasti], subunits of the various Services, and special troops. An
airborne division is intended to carry out missions in the enemy's deep
rear, in coordination with ground troop and missile forces formations,
and also with the air force and navy.

VOZDUSHNO DESANTNAYA OPERATSIYA (airborne operation) - Actions
coordinated and interrelated by a single concept and plan, involving
airborne troops, the air force, missile forces, air defense forces, and,
in a maritime sector, the navy, in connection with the transfer, landing
(dropping) and support of large airborne assault forces in the enemy
rear, to attain operational and strategic objectives.

VOZDUSHNO-DESANTNYYE VOYSKA (VDV) (airborne troops) - A branch of
the ground forces especially trained to be landed from the air into the
enemy rear to conduct combat actions there in coordination with missile
units, troops advancing from the front, air force formations, and naval
forces.

VOZDUSHNOYE OPERATSIONNOYE NAPRAVLENIYE (air operational sector) -
An air sector affording the shortest air route to objectives of
operational or strategic importance, and permitting large aviation units
to be based and used.

VOZDUSHNOYE SRAZHENIYE (air engagement) - The aggregate of air
battles fought by aviation units and formations of operational air
formations for the purpose of destroying opposing enemy aviation
grouping and seizing the initiative in the air in preparation for, or
conduct of, operations by the Services of the armed forces.

VOZDUSHNOYE STRATEGICHESKOYE NAPRAVLENIYE (strategic air sector) -
An air sector of operations in one or several theaters of military
operations, affording the shortest air route to important military
industrial and administrative-political centers, also permitting large
air force units to be based and used.

VOZDUSHNOYE FOTOGRAFIROVANIYE (aerial photography) - A method of
aerial reconnaissance which consists in photographing the earth's
surface or objects on it from aircraft or other airborne platforms, with
subsequent processing and interpretation of the photographs. Aerial
photography permits the acquisition of reliable and objective data
concerning enemy targets and the nature of the terrain.

VOZDUSHNO-KOSMICHESKIYE OPERATSII (foreign) (aerospace operations) -
Offensive operations effected by means of missiles and aviation (manned
and unmanned aircraft) for the purpose of destroying (neutralizing)
objectives on land, on water, and in the air. Aerospace operations may
be conducted from various altitudes and with various weapons.

VOZDUSHNO-KOSMICHESKIYE SILY (foreign) (aerospace forces) - A major
formation consisting of units and formations armed with the means of
aerospace attack. They constitute the basis of the air forces of the USA
and NATO, and are the principal strategic weapons.

VOZDUSHNOKOSMICHESKIY SAMOLET (aerospace vehicle) -A vehicle capable
of flight in the earth's atmosphere and in space.

VOZDUSHNO-KOSMICHESKOYE NAPADENIYE (aerospace attack) - An attack
from the air and from space, made with missiles and aviation (piloted
and pilotless aircraft) for the purpose of destroying (neutralizing)
objectives on land, on water, or in the air. An aerospace attack may be
made from any altitude, and with the use of various weapons.

VOZDUSHNYY BOY (air combat) - Combat activities by single
aircraft or groups of aircraft combining fire and maneuver for the
purpose of destroying enemy aircraft, their crews, and unmanned weapons
in the air.

VOZDUSHNYY DESANT (airborne assault) - Troops airlifted to the enemy
rear to conduct combat activities there. According to its scale, an
airborne assault may be tactical, operational, or strategic. The assault
may be effected either by parachute or from landed aircraft, or by a
combination of both.

VOZDUSHYY KORIDOR (air corridor) - A zone of air space - through
which aircraft (helicopters) may fly in regions having special flying
conditions.

VOZDUSHNYY REZHIM (air traffic control) - An established order of
flights for aircraft, helicopters and unmanned airborne vehicles in
certain regions and on air routes for the purpose of ensuring flight
safety and safeguarding state sovereignty.

VOZDUSHNYY YADERNYY VZRYV (nuclear air burst) - A nuclear explosion
in air at an altitude such that the fireball does not touch the surface
of the earth (water). It is customary to subdivide nuclear air bursts
into low and high yield categories.

VOZIMYE (PODVIZHYYE) ZAPASY (unit reserves) - Reserves of
materiel (ammunition, fuels and lubricants, provisions, technical and
other movable stores), authorized in relevant norms and tables, and
constantly held -by military units and formations in organic transport
and in proximity to combat materiel. Unit reserves are used for the
timely and uninterrupted support of combat activities by the units
maintaining them.

VOINSKAYA CHAST' (military unit) - An administrative, line,
and housekeeping unit of troops, having a number and a banner, for
example: a regiment, an individual battalion, an individual artillery
battalion, and unit organizations corresponding to them.

VOINSKOYE VOSPITANIYE (military indoctrination) - Instilling in
servicemen the high political and moral principles and fighting
qualities which they need in order to fulfill their military duty, both
in peacetime and under combat conditions. Military indoctrination is
inseparable from political education and together they constitute a
unified whole, which defines the essence of the Communist education of
Soviet servicemen. Military and political education of personnel is
accomplished during combat training and in the course of the entire life
and activity of the army and navy.

VOYNA (war) - A socio-historical phenomenon, characteristic of the
antagonistic class society. In its social essence, war is a continuation
of the policy of given self-interested powers and the ruling classes
within them using forcible means. War is an armed conflict between
states (coalitions of states) or between striving antagonistic classes
within a state (civil war) to gain their economic and political ends.
In the contemporary epoch, war is a complex social phenomenon, affecting
all aspects of the life and national activity of the people, putting all
their moral, political, economic, miitary and organizational powers to
the test. In war, both sides use ideological, economic, diplomatic arid
other forms and means of strife. According to the politics of the
classes concerned, wars may be subdivided into unjust (predatory) wars
and just wars. Just wars are waged to protect the interests of the
working class and the toiling masses, to liquidate social and national
oppression, and to protect national sovereignty against imperialist
aggression. The most just wars are those waged in defense of the
socialist fatherland.

VOYNA NA MORE (naval warfare) - A term which has become widespread
in the military literature of capitalist countries. The term "naval
warfare" is a farfetched, collective concept embracing the aggregate of
military operations conducted during wars in naval theaters of
operations. The concept of naval warfare is used by bourgeois historians
and military theorists in the USA and Britain for the purpose of
exaggerating their sea power, and when describing World War II, creating
the false impression that the military operations of the US and British
fleets were of decisive significarice in that war.

VOYSKA DOS (historical) (aircraft-warning service) - Special troops
intended for air observation, warning, and communications, affiliated
with the national air defense forces and ground force air defense
troops. After World War II, the troops of the aircraft warning service
became the radio-technical troops.

VOYSKA PVO STRANY (national air defense forces PVO forces]) - A Service
of the armed forces intended for anti-aircraft, anti-missile and
anti-spacecraft defense of the country. The main mission of national air
defense forces, in cooperation with air defense forces and facilities
of the other Services of the armed forces, is to repel enemy attack from
the air and from outer space, and to prevent enemy means of air attack
from penetrating the country's air space, thus ensuring the vital
activity of the nation, the operation of industry and transport, and the
ability of the armed forces to wage war. National Air Defense Forces
perform their task by destroying the enemy in the air (space) and by
jamming his radio-electronic equipment.

VOYSKA PVO SUKIlOPUTNYKH VOYSK (air defense troops of the ground
forces) - A branch of troops intended to protect ground forces and their
rear from enemy air attack. This branch consists of anti-aircraft
missile, anti-aircraft gun, and radio units and subunits.

VOYSKA SVYAZI (communication troops) - Special troops intended to
establish and maintain reliable communications, thus ensuring control
of troops in all phases of their combat activity.

VOYSKOVAYA AVIATSIYA (organic aviation) - Aviation subunits and
units forming part of army major field forces or combined-arms
formations organizationally, and intended for direct support of their
combat activities. Usually, organic aviation is equipped with aircraft
(helicopters) for air reconnaissance, artillery spotting, liaison, and
transport of wounded, sick, cargo, etc. Sometimes organic aviation is
called army aviation.

VOYSKOVAYA ARTILLERIYA (organic artillery) - Artillery which forms
an organizational part of units. Organic artillery is subdivided into
battalion, regimental, division, corps, and army artillery.

VOYSKOVAYA MASKIROVKA (military camouflage) - A type of combat
support performed by troop subunits, units and formations in all forms
of combat operations for the purpose of concealing their positions and
activities from the enemy, and confusing him as to their composition and
intentions. Military camouflage is accomplished by the troops' use of
natural cover, conditions of poor visibility (night time, fog, rain,
etc.), and authorized or improvised concealment  materials;  by
constructing dummy military objectives; by using mock-ups of combat
materiel; by the use of other camouflage methods; and by observance of
camouflage discipline on the march and in troop deployment areas, etc.

VOYSKOVAYA RAZVEDKA (operational reconnaissance) - A most important
type of support for the combat operations of troops, being the aggregate
of measures adopted by commanding officers (commanders) and staffs of
units, formations and major field forces of all Services of the armed
forces, branches, and special services for the purpose of obtaining
intelligence concerning the enemy, the terrain, and the radiation and
chemical situations in the region of the forthcoming  actions.
operational reconnaissance is conducted by reconnaissance subunits
(units) and by troops directly engaged in combat operations.

VOYSKOVAYA SISTEMA PVO (ground force air defense system) - The
aggregate of air defense measures to be taken by major field forces,
formations and units of the ground forces in various kinds of operations
and in combat.

VOYSKOVAYA CHAST' (No.) (military unit [No.]) - A code designator
for any military unit, and a corresponding number with which it is
uniquely associated. The code designator conceals the real name of the
unit or establishment.

VOYSKOVOY POSREDNIK (troop umpire) - A person who, during a two
sided or command-and-staff exercise, is appointed to direct the play of
combat operations, and to assess the performance of subunit (unit,
formation) commanders and staff officers participating in the exercise.
Those appointed as umpires are well-prepared generals and officers from
units not participating in the particular exercise. Their rank must be
not lower than that of the commanding officers of the subunits (units,
formations) to which they are assigned.

VOYSKOVOY TRANSPORT (organic transport) - Transport authorized in
accordance with the Table of Organization and Equipment, and available
for retention by a division, regiment, battalion, or separate unit.

VOYSKOVOY TYL (troop rear units) - Rear services units and subunits
with reserves of materiel, forming part of troop formations (units,
subunits) and providing them with rear services support.

VOORUZHENIYE (armament) - (1) A weapon mounted on a combat vehicle,
aircraft, warship, etc.; (2) a weapon in the possession of a given
military subunit, unit, formation, major field force or service branch;
(3) the process of equipping a military subunit, unit, formation or
major field force with weapons and military-technical materiel.

VOORUZHENNYYE SIlLY (armed forces) - The aggregate of the various
Services of the armed forces. Each Service of the armed forces consists
of branches (arms), and also of special troops and services. In
capitalist states, armed forces are the weapon of class domination, the
means of enslaving small states and colonial peoples, and the principal
support for conducting an aggressive foreign policy. The armed forces
of the Soviet Union and the people's democracies are the bulwark of
peace, and are intended to defend their own people and their national
independence against the aggression of imperialist states.

VREMENNYYE OGNEVYYE POZITSII (temporary firing positions) - Firing
positions occupied temporarily by weapons for specific fire missions.
By using temporary firing positions, the location of the main firing
positions is not compromised. Temporary firing positions are usually
prepared in the same manner as main firing positions as regards combat
engineering.

VREMENNYY REZHIM POLETOV (temporary flight procedure) -A procedure,
temporarily in force, for flights by airborne platforms over certain
regions.

VSPOMOGATEL'NAYA AVIATSIYA (auxiliary aviation) - Aviation intended to
facilitate troop command and control and for transporting sick and
wounded personnel. Auxiliary aviation includes liaison aviation,
transport aviation and medical aviation.

VSPOMOGATEL'NYYE  KORABLI  I  SUDA  (auxiliary  ships  and
vessels) - Floating submarine bases, torpedo boats, training ships,
hydrographic vessels, rescue vessels, hospital ships, armed transports,
tankers, waterboats, tugs, icebreakers, floating workships, etc. They
are intended for fleet support and servicing, and they are most
important when naval basing is dispersed.

VSPOMOGATEL'NYY UZEL SVYAZI (VUS) (auxiliary  communications center)-
One of the elements of the communications system of an army or
a front. An auxiliary communications center is organized in order to
enhance the stability and flexibility of communications, to create
alternative directions for radio, radio-relay and wire communication in
order to increase the effective use of multichannel microwave and line
links, and also to provide communication with commanders (staffs) of
formations and units located at a considerable distance from the command
post or those that are on the move.

VSTRECHNOYE SRAZHENIYE (BOY) (encounter battle) - A clash between
opposing sides when they are simultaneously striving to fulfill assigned
missions by means of offensive actions. An encounter battle may occur
during a march (maneuver) or in the course of an attack mounted to repel
enemy counterattacks or counterblows, and also when reserves or second
echelons move up to counterattack or to inflict counterblows when in
defense. An encounter battle is characterized by obscurity of the
situation and by abrupt changes in it, by the rapid movement to contact
of the two sides and by the decisiveness and dynamic nature of their
encounter, by rapid changes in march, approach-march and combat
formations, by the swift build-up of effort from depth, by an intense
struggle to gain time and to seize and hold the initiative, and by the
presence of open flanks, and free maneuver. present-day sea and air
battles are predominantly in the encounter battle category.

VTORZHENIYE (invasion) - Aggressors military operations conducted for
the purpose of penetrating deeply into the territory of a country under
attack by land, sea and air.

VTOROY FRONT (historical) (second front) - A strategic front opened
during World War II, in the summer of 1944, in Western Europe by
American-British forces against Fascist Germany. The principal, decisive
front of World War II was the Soviet-German front. Until the summer of
1944, American and British ruling circles deliberately delayed opening
the second front, counting on complete mutual exhaustion of the Soviet
Union and Hitler Germany in the war.

VTOROY ESHELON (second echelon) - The part of an operational
formation or combat formation of troops which is not directly
participating in an engagement (battle) at a given moment, but which is
intended to be used to build up the force of a strike during an
offensive, to increase the stability and aggressiveness of defense, and
to replace troops of the first echelon in the event that the latter
sustains heavy losses. The existence of a second echelon creates
favorable conditions for building up strength, carrying out a maneuver,
or rapidly transferring effort from one sector to another during an
operation (battle). In contrast to a combined-arms reserve, combat
missions for a second echelon are assigned at the same time as those for
the first echelon.

VTOROSTEPENNYY TEATR VOYENNYKH DEYSTVIY (secondary theater of
military operations) - A theater of military operations in which the
latter are conducted by limited forces and on a limited scale due to a
developing international situation, the small number of important
economic, political and military objectives in the theater, and its
particular geographic location. Armed conflict in a secondary theater
of military operations is subordinate to that in the main theater.
However, due to various factors of an economic, political or military
nature, a secondary theater of military operations may become of primary
importance as the war progresses.

VKHODNAYA INFORMATSIYA (input data) - Numerical data, passing
through communication channels from the information sources to a
computer for subsequent generalization, conversion, storage and output.

VKHODNOY FARVATER (entry channel) - A safe route leading into a port
or naval base, or to a fairway in a mine field. An entry channel is
specially protected by navigation equipment which is screened from enemy
observation.

VKHODNYYE (VYKHODNYYE) VOROTA DLYA AVIATSII (approach (departure)
"gate" for aviation) - A space established for flying through the front
line, for observance of air traffic control in a frontier zone or a
prohibited zone, and for maintenarice of flight safety in the vicinity
of airfields.

VYGRUZOCHNAYA PRISTAN' (PORT) (off-loading wharf [port]) - A waterway
counterpart of an off-loading station.

VYGRUZOCHNAYA STANTSIYA (off-loading station) - A railway station
prepared and used for unloading materiel being shipped by rail to
missile-technical units, front and army bases, naval bases, depots, and
also for army front formations, air maintenance formations (units), and
national air defense forces.

VYZHIDATEL'NAYA POZITSIYA (assembly position) - A sector of
terrain prepared as regards engineering, and intended as covered
accommodation for combat materiel and personnel of missile subunits and
rocket-launching artillery prior to their moving into a launch or firing
position.

VYZHIDATEL'NYY RAYON (assembly area) - An area of terrain occupied
by troops before going over to the offensive. All measures associated
with preparation for the offensive are taken in the assembly area. An
assembly area must provide good conditions for concealment against
ground, air and radar observation by the enemy, and must afford the
troops protection against weapons of mass destruction.

VYLET AVIATSII (sortie) - Take-off of an aviation unit (combat
formation of aircraft) for the purpose of carrying out a combat mission.

VYSADKA (VYBROSKA) VOZDUSHNOGO DESANTA (airborne assault force
landing [dropping]) - Method of landing (dropping) an airborne assault
force in the enemy rear. The landing variant consists in transporting
assault force personnel, combat equipment and other materiel in aircraft
and helicopters, and landing them on airfields or landing strips in the
enemy rear. In the drop variant, the transported assault force must
descend from the aircraft and helicopters by parachute.

VYSADKA MORSKOGO DESANTA (amphibious assault force landing) - A
method of taking possession of a region of enemy coastal territory in
order to create a grouping of friendly forces on it. During a landing
of an amphibious assault force, troops to be landed and the assault
materiel are transported by sea to the enemy coast in assault craft,
opposing naval and air forces are destroyed, enemy anti-landing defense
is neutralized, troops are debarked and engage in combat actions on
shore, combat materiel is unloaded from ships onto the beach, and the
operations of the assault landing force are supported.

VYSOKIY VOZDUSHNYY YADERNYY VZRYV (high altitude nuclear burst) -
An explosion at a height for which radioactive contamination of the
locality in the vicinity of ground zero is negligible. Contamination in
the wake of the cloud may be disregarded. It is expedient to use a high
altitude nuclear burst to destroy troops without cover arid to demolish
objectives having limited structural strength. Such an explosion may
also be used against troops located in very simple cover.

VYSOKOCHASTOTNOYE TELEFONIROVANIYE (carrier telephony) - Telephony with
the aid of high frequency currents, permitting simultaneous transmission
of several telephone conversations on one telephone circuit. In order
to do this, the speech currents of low, acoustic frequency emerging from
the transmitting telephone apparatus are transformed into high frequency
currents. At the receiving station, the high frequency currents are
reconverted, with the aid of suitable filters, to low frequency currents
which cause sound vibrations that can be perceived by the ear in a
conventional telephone. Modern carrier-telephony systems operate in the
frequency range from 3000 Hz to several million hertz which, in the
indicated range, permit several hundred telephone conversations to be
conducted on one circuit.

VYSOTA YADERNOGO VZRYVA (altitude of a nuclear burst) - The distance
from the surface of the earth (water) to the center of the nuclear
explosion.

VYSOTNOYE TORPEDOMETANIYE (historical) (high level torpedo bombing)
- A method used by naval aviation to launch torpedoes. This was done
from an altitude of 750 meters or more against warships at sea, in port,
or at anchor. In torpedo bombing, the torpedo was aimed and then dropped
by parachute. When the torpedo entered the water, the parachute became
disengaged automatically, the torpedo's motor started, and the torpedo
was directed toward the target by special guidance instruments.

VYSOTNYY YADERNYY VZRYV (high altitude nuclear burst) - A nuclear
explosion detonated high enough to be harmless at ground level, for the
purpose of destroying the means of air attack (aircraft, missiles).

VYSSHEYE TAKTICHESKOYE SOYEDINENIYE (higher tactical formation) -
Several formations and units consisting of various service branches
(naval forces) and special troops, united into a permanent organization
(e.g., a corps) and containing the manpower and weapons needed to
conduct independent combat operations.

VYKHOD ZENITNOY UPRAVLYAYEMOY RAKETY NA TRAYEKTORIYU (departure
point of an anti-aircraft guided missile on its trajectory) - The
position of an anti-aircraft missile in space after launching, when it
is put into a kinematic flight trajectory by the guidance system of the
air defense missile complex.

VYKHOD IZ BOYA (disengagement) - Withdrawal of troops from the line
of close contact with the enemy to a distance which provides them with
freedom for subsequent maneuvering. Disengagement is carried out in an
unfavorable situation on the decision of the superior commander to
withdraw or for the purpose of regrouping forces and weapons for
operation in a new, more favorable, sector.

VYKHOD IZ OKRUZHENIYA (breaking out of encirclement) - A special
form of combat operation consisting in breaching the combat formation
of an encircling enemy front and withdrawing all the surrounded troops
and their combat materiel through it. Troops may break out of
encirclement independently or with the help of troops operating outside
the region of encirclement, and aviation.

VYKHOD NA TSEL' (target approach)The final segment of the flight
course of an aircraft (group of aircraft) to the target prior to the
moment of its detection, reconnaissance or destruction.

VYKHODNAYA INFORMATSIYA (IZ VYCHISLITBL'NYKH MASHIN) (output data
[from computers]) - The totality of information generated by a computer
as a result of processing input data. Output data from a computer may
be displayed with visual aids (oscilloscope screens, charactrons,
displays) or in the form of text, tables or graphs.

VYCHISLITEL'NYY TSENTR (computer center) - A facility engaged in the
investigation of various economic and military problems by use of
electronic computers, and in the processing, storage and output of
information.

VYAZAYA RETSEPTURA (viscous agent) - A poisonous substance mixed
with a thickening agent. It is used to cause protracted contamination
of an area.

GAMMA-LUCHI (gamma rays) - Shortwave electromagnetic radiation
observed during nuclear explosions. Powerful emissions of gamma rays
exert a harmful biological effect on living organisms.

GARNIZON (garrison) - The aggregate of troop units, military
establishments and institutions situated permanently or temporarily in
an inhabited locality, or in a separate defensive structure. As a rule,
the gartison commander is the commander [i.e. staff, officer-in-charge,
department/ section head, etc.] who is senior by appointment. Where two
or more have equivalent appointment position, then the commander who is
senior by military rank becomes garrison commander. However, in some
instances, the commander who is senior by military rank may be appointed
garrison commander notwithstanding the seniority of other commanders.

GARNIZONNAYA SLUZHBA (garrison service) - A system of measures
organized and implemented in a garrison, and being of mutual importance
for all troops, military establishments and training institutions
situated in it. Garrison service consists in maintaining military
discipline in the garrison, in providing the necessary conditions for
billeting, everyday life, and training of troops, and in conducting a
number of activities  involving  troop  participation  (parades,
firefighting, emergency measures, participating in demonstrations and
meetings, guards of honor, and rendering military honors at funerals).

GENERAL'NOYE SRAZHENIYE (historical) (general engagement) - An armed
encounter of the main bodies of belligerent parties, exerting a decisive
influence on the outcome of a campaign, and sometimes even creating a
turning point in the course of an entire war.

GENERAL'NYY KURS (general course) - (1) The course leading from the
starting point (point of departure) of a warship or transport to its
destination (point of arrival); (2) the course, relative to which a ship
does a zigzag to avoid a submarine attack or artillery fire.

GENERAL'NYY SHTAB (general staff) - The central  authority
controlling the armed forces of a state. The primary mission of the
General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR is to work out problems
relative to the defense of the USSR against armed attack by imperialist
states.

GEODEZICHESKAYA SET' (geodetic net) - A system of geodetic control
points covering the territory of theaters of military operations. A
geodetic net serves as a basis for making topographic maps and creating
special-purpose geodetic nets and artillery control nets needed to tie
in the elements of combat formations of missile forces and artillery.

GEODEZICHESKIY PUNKT (geodetic point) - A point on the earth's
surface whose position is determined by geodetic operations in a
particular system of coordinates.

GERBITSIDY (herbicides) - Chemical substances which, even in very
small quantities, are fatal to plants. The USA has used herbicides for
military purposes in Southeast Asia.

GIDROAKUSTIHA (hydroacoustics) - The branch of acoustics which
studies physical phenomena associated with the emission, propagation and
reception of sound waves in water, and which deals with the development
of technical devices for underwater detection and communication.

GIDROAKUSTICHESKAYA ATAKA (hydroacoustic attack) - A submarine
attack carried out on the basis of sonar data, without using the
periscope.

GIDROAKUSTICHESKAYA ZAVESA (hydroacoustic screen) - A zone monitored
by ship or aircraft sonar, or shore-based sonar (or both), established
for the purpose of detecting enemy submarines in the approaches to a
defended objective, in transit by sea, or approaching a coastal area.

GIDROAKUSTICHESKAYA  NAVIGATSIONNAYA  SISTEMA  (hydroacoustic
navigation system) - The aggregate of sonar stations, facilities and
installations constituting a system for ensuring the safety of
underwater and surface navigation.

GIDROAKUSTICHESKAYA  RAZVEDKA  (hydroacoustic  reconnaissance;
acoustical intelligence) - The activities of reconnaissance forces
directed toward obtaining information about enemy underwater objects,
as well as data characterizing the efficiency of the emission,
propagation and reception of sound waves at various depths in a given
region of a maritime or ocean theater of war. This information is needed
primarily to support combat operations of the submarine and anti
submarine forces of a fleet.

GIDROAKUSTICHESKAYA STANTSIYA (hydroacoustic station) - The complex
of instruments and mechanisms based on utilization of the properties of
acoustic vibrations in water and intended for search and detection of
surface and underwater objects at sea. Depending on their character and
mode of operation, hydroacoustic stations are subdivided into sonar,
hydrophone, navigational, communication, and recognition categories.

GIDROAKUSTICHESKOYE NABLYUDENIYE (Hydroacoustic  observation;
acoustical surveillance) - One of the forms of technological
observation, accomplished with the aid of shipboard, airborne and
coastal hydroacoustic facilities (hydrophone and sonar stations).

GIDROAERODROM (seaplane base) - A water basin (area of water) and
the adjacent coastal region with the appropriate buildings and
equipment, affording seaplanes room to land and take-off, and serving
as a base for them.

GIDROGRAFICHESKAYA RAZVEDKA hydrographic reconnaissance) - The
operations of reconnaissance forces  directed  toward  obtaining
information concerning navigational-hydrographic conditions in a given
region to provide hydrographic support for naval operations and combat
actions.

GIDROGRAFICHESKOYE SUDNO (hydrographic vessel) - A vessel especially
built or converted for hydrographic work at sea (on rivers, lakes),
i.e.: soundings; surveys of shores, islands, shoals arid coastal
landmarks; tidal studies; etc.

GIDROGRAFICHESKOYE TRALENIYE (hydrographic sweeping) -The most
reliable method of obtaining assurance that there are no navigational
hazards (underwater obstacles) in channels or elsewhere, in the region
and range of depths investigated. The method involves the use of special
sweeps.

GIDROGRAFIYA (hydrography) - The science that studies the earth's
water surface (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers) for navigational purposes.

GIDROLOGICHESKAYA OBSTANOVKA (hydrological situation) - The aggregate
of the elements of the physical state of water as functions of depth
(temperature, density, salinity, transparency, etc.), knowledge of which
is necessary for the operation of submarines and anti-submarine ships.

GIDROLOGIYA (hydrology)The science of the waters on the surface of
the land. Hydrology investigates individual bodies of water (seas,
lakes, rivers, etc.), and studies the complex physical processes which
take place in them.

GIDROLOKATSIYA (sonar) - Detection of undewater objects and
determination of their position by sending underwater asoustic signals
and receiving those signals as reflected from the objects.

GIDROMETEOROLOGICHESKAYA  OBSTANOVKA  (hydro-meteorological
situation) - The aggregate of weather components and the state of the
sea (wind direction and force, air and water temperature, visibility,
cloud cover, wave formation, current, etc.) in a given region, affecting
the employment of naval forces.

GIDROMETEOROLOGICHESKAYA  RAZVEDKA   (hydrometeorological
reconnaissance) - The activities of reconnaissance forces directed
toward obtaining information about weather components and sea state
(wind direction and force, air and water temperature, visibility,
cloudiness, wave formation, current, etc.) in a given region.

GIDROMETEOROLOGICHESKAYA SLUZHBA (hydrometeorological service) - A
state organization whose role is to provide the national economy,
population and armed forces with data on the country's climate
and waters, with information concerning the current weather and the
state of rivers, lakes and seas, and with forecasts of future weather
and hydrological conditions.

GlDROMETEOROLOGIYA (hydrometeorology) - The science dealing with the
atmospheric water cycle.

GIPERZVUKOVAYA SKOROST' (hypersonic speed) - The speed of a flying
apparatus exceeding the velocity of sound by a factor of five (Mach 5)
or more.

GIROKOMPAS  (giroskopicheskiy  kompas)  (gyrocompass)  -  An
electromechanical navigational instrument based on the property of a
gyroscope, whereby it sets itself in the plane of the true meridian
under the action of external forces. The gyrocompass is used in ships,
aircraft, missiles and other airborne platforms to determine the true
course.

GLAVNAYA VOYENNO-MORSKAYA BAZA (main naval base) - A system of strong
points supporting the combat and operational activity of main naval
forces.

GLAVNAYA TSEL' VOYENNYKH DEYSTVIY (the main goal of hostilities) -
The basic conceivable result for the attainment of which military
operations are conducted or planned. In modern warfare, the main goal
of hostilities consists in destroying enemy nuclear-missile facilities,
putting his armed forces to rout, annihilating the economic base of the
hostile nation's war effort, arid disrupting its state system.

GLAVNYYE SILY (main elements) - A large proportion of the forces and
facilities of a formation or major field force of the Services
designated to fulfil the primary (main) mission in a battle or
operation. The composition of the main elements is determined by the
assigned mission and by the specific conditions of the situation.

GLAVNYY BEREGOVOY INFORMATSIONNYY PUNKT (main coastal information
post) - A place where all data on the situation, obtained by the navy
or received from other sources, are collected and processed.

GLAVNYY TEATR VOYENNYKH DEYSTVIY (main theater of military
operations) - The theater in which the main strategic groupings of
belligerent powers are deployed and operating, both as a result of an
emerging international arrangement of forces and by virtue of prevailing
economic, military, political, and geographical conditions. The main
military-political and strategic goals in the armed conflict are
attained in the main theater of military operations, as a result of
which there is usually a rapid change in the course of the war.

GLAVNYY UDAR (main strike) - The aggregate of nuclear strikes and
coordinated strikes dealt by main elements or naval forces in the sector
or region of decisive importance for putting the enemy to rout and
completing the combat mission. The main strike is delivered in
accordance with the purpose of the operation or battle and the specific
conditions of the situation.

GLOBAL'NAYA VOYNA (foreign) (global war) - Total war, enveloping the
entire world. It is believed that a future world war, in contrast to
previous wars, will be waged not only on land, at sea, and in the air,
but also in space, which will characterize its universal, global nature
even more.

GLOBAL'NAYA RAlKETA (global missile) - A ballistic missile capable
of traveling a distance exceeding half the circumference of the earth,
and of hitting a target at any point on earth. A global missile
possesses high hitting accuracy, and may deliver an ultra-powerful
nuclear charge to the target.

GLUBINA DEYSNIY AVIATSII (depth of air operations) - The maximum
depth of operations conducted by military aviation against enemy targets
which are remote from the front line. The depth of air operations is
determined by the tactical radius of a single aircraft (or of an
aviation subunit or unit), taking into account the distance of home
airfields from the front line.

GLUBINA NASTUPATEL'NOY OPERATSII  (depth  of  an  offensive operation)
The distance from the forward edge of the enemy's position to a given
area, with whose seizure the operation is completed.

GLUBINA OPERATIVNOGO POSTROENIYA (BOYEVOGO PORYADKA) (depth of a
strategic concentration [combat formation]) - The distance from the
foremost units (subunits) to the rear boundary of the disposition of
reserves, missile forces, second echelons, and organic (front) aviation,
inclusive.

GLUBINA POGRUZHENIYA PODVODNOY LODKI (submarine submersion depth) -
The vertical distance from the surface of the sea to the submarine's
waterline, when the latter is under water. The depth of submersion of
a submarine is measured with a depth gauge. A submarine has a working
depth, extreme depth, design depth, periscope depth, and a depth at
which it is safe from ramming.

GLUBlNA IlASPROSTRANENIYA  ZARAZHENNOGO  VOZDUKHA  (area  of
contaminated air) - The distance from the leeward edge of a contaminated
region to the line reached by vapors of toxic agents capable of
affecting personnel.

GLUBINNAYA BOMBA (PROTIVOLODOCHNAYA) (depth charge [anti-submarine])
- A bomb intended to damage or destroy submerged submarines. Depth
charges are subdivided into the shipborne and airborne categories (the
latter may have a nuclear charge). A depth charge is fitted with a
special device ensuring that it will explode under the pressure of the
water at a preset depth.

GLUBOKAYA OPERATSIYA (historical) (deep operation) - An operation
which achieves simultaneous effect and involves the advance of offensive
troops through the entire operational depth of the enemy's defense, with
a build-up of forces and facilities in the course of the operation due
to "success-developing echelons."

GLUBOKIY TYL (deep rear) - That part of the territory of a state (or
states) beyond the range of enemy operational and tactical means of
attack. Under conditions of nuclear-missile warfare, the basic elements
of the enemy deep rear may include: the economic base of the war; the
governmental and supreme command systems; and the strategic nuclear
weapons of an armed conflict.

GORYACHIY REZERV RADIOTEKHNICHESKIKH SREDSTV (standby reserve of
radio-technical facilities) - Reserve of radio-technical facilities
which is mounted and in position. The apparatus of these facilities is
warmed up and ready to be switched on and used at short notice. A
standby reserve of radio-technical facilities is used in a front-line
zone (or frontier zone), and also in the depth of friendly territory
when there is a possibility of the enemy appearing.

GOSPITAL' (military hospital) - A military therapeutic facility
intended for qualified in-patient treatment of military personnel, as
well as certain categories of civilians (members of the families of
generals and other officers). In peacetime, military hospitals exist as
unit sick quarters and as garrison and district hospitals. In wartime,
field ambulances and evacuation hospitals are formed to render aid to
the wounded and sick. Such hospitals are differentiated according to
organization, staff, purpose, and activity.

GOSPITAL'NAYA BAZA FRONTA (front hospital base) - A group of
hospitals having various purposes, unified under the direction of a
Front Hospital Base. Each Front Hospital Base may form branches, which
deploy sequentially or simultaneously in several regions.

GOSPODSTVO V VOZDUKHE (foreign & historical) (air supremacy) - An
advantageous situation (possession of the initiative) in the air,
enabling friendly ground, naval and air forcces to complete the missions
confronting them. The term "air supremacy" is not used by us at the
present time.

GOSPODSTVO v VOZDUSHNO-KOSMICHESKOM PROSTRANSTVE (foreign) (air-and-
space supremacy) - Attainment of an advantageous position by a given
country (state) in the means of air-and-space attack, and in the use of
space for military purposes.

GOSPODSTVO NA MORE (foreign & historical) (sea supremacy) - An
advantageous situation in an entire maritime theater or in a portion of
it, achieved for a definite period of time by one of the warring parties
for the purpose of guaranteeing their own naval forces the initiative
and successfully completing current missions. The term "sea supremacy"
is not used by us at the present time.

GOSUDARSTVENNYYE REZERVY (state reserves) - The reserves of various
kinds of materiel (foodstuffs, fuel, semi-finished products, strategic
raw material, oil, etc.), which are controlled by special state
authorities and are consumed only with government approval. A proportion
of the state reserves is intended for the material and technological
support of the armed forces.

GOSUDARSTVENNYY KOMITET OBORONY (State Defense Committee) - The
supreme State authority created June 30, 1941, to direct the armed
forces and the country during World War II (1941-1945). The State
Defense Committee was abolished after the war ended (September 4, 1945).

GOTOVNOST' K VYKHODU V MORE (operational readiness for sea) - The
specified period within which a formation of warships (or a single
warship) must be ready to put to sea for the purpose of performing a
combat mission. Operational readiness for sea has the following
variants: immediate notice; notice, expressed in hours; and extended
notice, expressed in days.

GRAVIMETRIYA (gravimetry) - The science concerned with measurement
of quantities characterizing the earth's gravitational field, primarily
the magnitude of the force of gravity. Gravimetric methods are used to
map territory in short periods. Making accurate maps by gravimetric
methods requires precise knowledge of the earth's configuration.
Artificial satellites permit knowledge of the earth's shape to be
refined and the application of gravimetry to be extended. Gravimetric
methods may be used to make accurate maps for military purposes, and
especially for the geodesic referencing of continents.

GRAZHDANSKAYA OBORONA (civil defense) - A system of defense measures
applicable to the state as a whole, taken in order to protect the
population and the national economy from nuclear, chemical, and
bacteriological weapons, and also in order to carry out rescue
operations and emergency repair work in centers of devastation.

GRAFIK DEZHURSTVA SREDSTV PVO (duty schedule for air defense units)
- A document defining the procedure governing maintenance of a 24-hour
watch by air defense forces and facilities. Such a document is usually
drawn up in air defense units and formations, but when necessary, this
is also done in major formations of national air defense forces.

GRAFIK PEREPRAVY (river-crossing graph) - An operational-tactical
document drawn up by the combined-arms staff with the participation of
the unit engineer when planning the forcing of a water barrier by
troops. Reflected in a river-crossing graph are the characteristics of
the water barrier, the crossing sectors, the types of crossing, the
combat (or operational) formation of the troops, the sequence and time
limits for the crossing of units (or formations) at each sector, the
crossing facilities, and the combat-engineer subunits (or units)
enabling the troops to force the water barrier.

GRUNTOVAYA TELEZHKA (ground transporter) - A special trailer
intended for transporting missiles on paved or unpaved roads.

GRUNTOVYY AERODROM (unpaved airfield) - An area of terrain with a
natural covering, equipped from an engineering viewpoint, and intended
for take-off, landing, parking, and servicing of aircraft. The size of
an unpaved airfield depends on its purpose, and the dimensions
specified for a first, second, or third class airfield may apply.

GRUPPA ARMIY (foreign) (group of armies) - The highest strategic
formation of ground forces. The composition of a group of armies is not
constant; it depends on the importance of the theater of operations and
on the forces present. A group of armies may have two to four field
armies and several separate formations, or it may consist of several
separate army corps. In operations in a theater of operations, a group
of armies is usually coordinated with a Joint Tactical Air Command, and
in a maritime sector, with a strategic formation of naval forces.

GRUPPA RADIOPOMEKH (radio jamming group) - A temporary organization
under a single command of several radio units (or radio subunits), used
to carry out specific radio jamming assignments.

GRUPPIROVKA ARTILLERII (artillery grouping) - The composition and
disposition of artillery intended to complete missions in combat or in
an operation. An artillery grouping is made up of artillery groups or
of individual artillery formations and units.

GRUPPIRO"'KA SIL NA OKEANSKOM (MORSKOM) TEATRE (grouping of forces
in a naval theater) - The composition and disposition of naval forces
intended to conduct military operations in a given naval theater. This
term is often used in the sense of the composition of naval forces
intended to fulfill a particular operational (or combat) mission.

GRUPPOVOYE ISPOL'ZOVANIYE PODVODNYKH LODOK (submarine formation) -
One of the methods of using submarines, in which they act against an
enemy objective as components of tactical groups.

GRUPPOVOYE UPRAZHNENIYE (ZANYATIYE) (group training [exercise]) -
One of the methods of instructing generals, admirals, and other
officers, in the process of their operational and tactical training,
characterized by the fact that each officer under instruction is put in
turn into the very same role by the exercise director and each performs
the functions which would normally be fulfilled by the incumbent of the
position in question. Group exercises are conducted on maps in class,
in the field, or on a sand table.

GRUPPOVOY YADERNYY UDAR (group nuclear strikes) - Strikes delivered
simultaneously by means of several nuclear devices. A group nuclear
strike is used when the desired degree of damage to the target cannot
be achieved with a single nuclear device or when the situation precludes
the use of a single, more powerful, nuclear device.

DAL'NEYSHAYA (POSLEDUYUSHCHAYA) ZADACHA (followup objective) - The
portion of the overall combat mission in an offensive operation (or
combat) carried out on completion of the initial mission. Envisaged in
the followup mission are the destruction of any further nuclear attack
capability manifested by the enemy, the destruction of his reserves, and
attainment of the goal of the operation (combat).

DAL'NOBOYNAYA ARTILLERIYA (long-range artillery) - Artillery with a
great firing range, predominantly gun artillery, used to neutralize and
destroy important targets located beyond the range of howitzer artillery
and mortars.

DAL'NOMERNAYA SISTEMA (range finding system) - A radiotechnical
system operating on the principle of distance measurement. There are
high-precision range finding systems, which are used for bomb aiming,
geodetic tie-in, navigation, and other purposes. Most widespread is a
range finding system in which there is a radar interrogator on a moving
object (warship, aircraft), and responders at two geodetically tied-in
points on the ground.

DAL'NOST' PODAVLENIYA RADIOLOKATSIOHNYMI POMEKHAMI MINIMAL'NAYA
(burn through range) - The least distance between a radar station and
a target equipped with a jamming station (for example, a warship or
aircraft with a jamming station), at which the interference masks the
target. Upon further reduction of the distance between the radar station
and the target, the signal reflected from the target becomes stronger
than the interference; it can be seen against the interference
background, and the interference loses its effectiveness.

DAL'NOST' POLETA (flying range) - The maximum length of the flight
path of an airborne platform (fixed-wing or rotarywing aircraft,
missile, aerostat) from beginning to end. Flying range depends on
design,  fuel capacity, flight conditions, and weather conditions.
DAL'NOST' PRYAMOGO VYSTRELA (grazing-fire range, point blank range)
The firing range at which the height of the trajectory does not exceed
the height of the target. The most advantageous conditions for hitting
the target occur within the limits of the grazing-fire range (point
blank range), because the target is in the danger space throughout the
entire extent of the trajectory corresponding to a given aim.

DAL'NOST' RADIOLOKATSIONNOGO OBNARUZHENIYA (radar detection range) -
The greatest distance at which any target can be detected by a radar
station. Radar detection range depends on the characteristics of the
radar station, on the properties of the target, and on conditions for
the propagation of radio waves. Radar detection range above the earth's
surface increases with target height and radar antenna height up to a
value that depends on the qualities of the radar station and the target.

DAL'NOST' STREL'BY (range of fire) - The distance between the gun,
mortar, or other weapon and the object being hit. In missile units, the
distance between the launcher and the target is called the missile
flight range.

DAL'NYAYA AVIATSIYA (long-range aviation) - The element of the Air
Force intended to carry out missions in accordance with the plans of the
Supreme High Command.

DAL'NYAYA NAVIGATSIYA (long-range navigation) - Steering or piloting
ships or airborne vehicles over great distances with the aid of special
equipment. The methods mainly used in long-range navigation are those
of radio navigation and astro-navigation.

DEBLOKIROVANIYE (raising a blockade) - Combat operations conducted
for the purpose of liberating blockaded (or encircled) troops, or of
freeing warships and merchant vessels in ports, bays, or naval bases.
The combat operations conducted at sea or on land to raise a blockade
consist in breaking through the blockade and liquidating the enemy
forces which are enforcing it. With regard to aviation, the term raising
a blockade means combat activities directed against enemy aviation which
is blockading some object or encircled grouping from the air.

DEGAZATSIYA (decontamination) - Eliminating toxic agents or
rendering them harmless. Decontamination may be accomplished by
chemical, physical, and mechanical methods.

DEGAZIRUYUSHCHIYE VESHCHESTVA (decontaminants) - Substances capable
of rendering toxic agents harmless. They are used to decontaminate
terrain, combat materiel, transport facilities, etc.

DEDVEYT ("dead weight" [cargo-carrying capacity in tons]) - The full
cargo-carrying capacity of a freighter (in tons). "Dead weight"
represents the difference between full displacement  and  empty
displacement. The term "dead weight" is used only in connection with
cargo-carrying vessels, and it is a virtually constant fundamental value
characterizing a given vessel.

DEZHURNYYE SREDSNA PVO (duty air defense facilities) - Air defense
facilities and forces which are in readiness for immediate use Duty air
defense facilities are intended to engage violators of the Soviet
Union's air space and to repel surprise enemy air attack. The
composition of duty air defense facilities in peacetime and wartime, and
the procedure for their combat service, are determined by the superior
commander.

DEZHURSNO V VOZDUKHE (combat air patrol) - One of the basic methods
of providing air cover for troops and rear objectives using fighter
aviation to ward off reconnaissance and air strikes. Combat air patrol
is the method used in those cases where a sortie by fighters from
airfields does not ensure interception of the air enemy.

DEZAKTIVATSIYA (radioactive decontamination) - Eliminating radioactive
substances from clothing, armament, materiel, buildings, and the
terrain, and also purifying water and rations contaminated by radio
active substances. Depending on the situation and the degree of
radioactive contamination, radioactive decontamination may be partial
or full.

DEZAKTIVIRUYUSHCHIYE  SREDSTVA  (radioactive  decontamination
agents) - Substances used to eliminate radioactive substances from
armament, combat equipment, and transport. They include aqueous
solutions of detergents, and solvents.

DEZlNSEKTSIYA  (disinfestation) - An independent division of
disinfection. Disinfestation is a measure for the control of parasites
(predominantly insects and ticks). Disinfestation may be accomplished
by physical, chemical and biological methods.

DEZINFEKTSIYA (obezvrezhivaniye) (disinfection) - Annihilation of
pathogenic microbes, and the toxins produced by them, on contaminated
objects.

DEZINFITSIRUYUSHCHIYE RASTVORY (disinfectants) - Solutions of special
chemical substances used to destroy pathogenic microbes and the toxins
produced by them.

DESINFORMATSIYA (disinformation) - Propagation of false information
about one's forces and plans of action for the purpose of misleading the
enemy. Means of disinformation may be: radio, press, simulated troop
relocations, etc.

DEZORGANIZATSIYA TYLA PROTIVNIKA (disorganizing the enemy's rear) -
Military operations directed toward the destruction of strategic
nuclear facilities and important objectives in the enemy's deep rear,
disruption of  governmental  and  military  administration,  and
demoralization of armed forces personnel and the population.

DEYSTVITEL'NAYA DAL'NOST' STREL'BY (maximum effective range of fire)
- The distance at which animunition (a shell, bullet) retains its
destructive properties to a degree sufficient for certain destruction
of the target.

DEYSTVIYA VOYENNOMORSKOGO FLOTA NA PRIMORSKIKH NAPRAVLENIYAKH (naval
activities in coastal areas) - Combat activities by formations and units
of all types of naval forces together with troops of a maritime front.
The fleet may be assigned the following missions: destroy aircraft
carriers and other warship groupings; disrupt (break off) troop
transport and materiel shipments to enemy maritime groupings; disembark
amphibious assault forces; destroy enemy amphibious assault landing
forces at sea and participate in preventing their landing on the beach;
safeguard sea transportation of troops and supplies for the friendly
maritime front, etc. Specific naval missions are defined by the Supreme
High Command, and are refined jointly with the officer commanding the
troops of the maritime front.

DEYSTVUYUSHCHAYA ARMIYA (combat army) - The armed forces of a state
used to conduct an armed conflict.

DEMARKATSIONNAYA LINIYA (demarcation line) - The line, zone, or
strip separating hostile troops upon termination of hostilities, pending
establishment of a permanent boundary by agreement or peace treaty.

DEMASKIROVANIYE (exposure of camouflaged objects) - Violation of
camouflage by friendly troops. In order to avoid this, troops must
observe strict camouflage discipline, use camouflage methods and
facilities correctly, and constantly combat enemy reconnaissance.

DEMASKIRUYUSHCHIYE PRIZNAKI (activity indicators) - Characteristic
signs of objects and troop activity by which the enemy may detect an
object and determine its location, or infer purpose, affiliation, and
composition of units, and the nature of their activities (for example,
the length of columns of troops on the march, the tracks and noise of
machines, etc.).

DEMOBILIZATSIYA (demobilization) - Release of service personnel from
the armed forces at the end of a war. In a broader sense, demobilization
means the transition of the armed forces and all sectors of the economy
from a war footing to a peacetime footing.

DEMORALlZATSlYA (demoralization) - (1) Demoralization of enemy
troops; undermining of discipline. (2) Depression of the morale of
troops and population. Demoralization leads to an abrupt decline in
troops' ability to resist.

DESANT (landing force) - Troops intended for landing, or which have
already landed, on enemy-occupied territory, for the purpose of
conducting combat operations. According to the transportation method
used, a landing force may be amphibious, airborne, or combined; and
according to its scale and purpose, such a force may be strategic,
operational, or tactical.

DESANTNAYA PEREPRAVA (assault crossing) - (1) An operation whereby
troops cross a water barrier using assault-crossing equipment. (2) The
sector of a water barrier equipped and used by troops to negotiate it
on assault-crossing equipment.

DETSENTRALIZOVANNOYE OPOVESHCHENIYE (decentralized warning) -
Warning troops about the air enemy, such warning being given by command
posts of air defense formations and radio-technical units, and also
directly by radar subunits, namely  companies  and  battalions.
Decentralized warning is by radio or by direct line communication. It
is used for the purpose of shortening the time required to pass
information concerning the appearance and activities of the air enemy
in regions of combat operations by air defense units and formations.

DESHlFRIROVANIYE FOTOSNIMKOV (photo interpretation) - Recognition
and determination of the number and nature of objects by their images
in photographs taken from aircraft, or from ground level at a
considerable distance.

DIAPAZON RADlOVOLN (wave band) - A region of the electromagnetic
spectrum bounded by radio waves of a particular length.

DIVERSIYA (sabotage) - Clandestine activities performed by specially
trained groups, consisting in the destruction of enemy personnel and
demolition of enemy objects, for the purpose of inflicting material
losses on the enemy and undermining his morale.

DIVIZION KORABLEY (division of warships) - A tactical formation of
Category Three warships of the same type, usually forming part of a
brigade of warships.

DIVIZIONNAYA ARTILLERIYSKAYA GRUPPA (DAG) (division artillery group)
- Artillery at the direct disposal of the division commander, consisting
of more than one battalion, created for the duration of combat to
fulfill missions on behalf of the division, and united by a common
command. A division artillery group is made up of division artillery and
attached artillery, and bears the division's number. The main purpose
of a division artillery group is to support regiments with fire, and to
engage the enemy's tactical weapons, artillery, and mortars.

DIVIZIONNAYA ARTILLERIYA (DA) (division artillery) - Artillery
forming an organizational part of a division, and directly subordinated
to the division commander.

DIVIZIONNYY VYLET (divisional sortie) - An operational unit of
measure for calculating air combat intensity. A divisional sortie is a
one-time operation by aircraft comprising the effective combat strength
of an air division, performed simultaneously, or during a definite
period of time.

DIVIZlONNYY OB"YEDINENNYY SKLAD (consolidated division depot) - A
mobile divisional establishment, consisting of stores for various kinds
of materiel, clothing and footwear repair workshop, division field
[steam] bathhouse, and a security detachment.

DIVIZIYA (division) - The basic tactical formation of the various
service branches (arms), consisting of several units and subunits. In
foreign armies, a ground forces division consists of brigades, combat
groups, individual battalions, and other units and subunits of various
branches and special troops.

DIVIZIYA KORABLEY (naval squadron) - A tactical formation of
warships of the same class (e.g., a submarine squadron) or of various
classes (e.g., a naval squadron for the defense of a sea area). Such a
force includes brigades of warships, and sometimes divisions of warships
as well.

DIVIZIYA NARODNOGO OPOLCHENIYA (historical) (division of People's
Home Guard) - A military formation made up of volunteers not subject to
call-up into the army at times of mobilization. Divisions of the
People's Home Guard came into being during World War II in the period
of intense defensive battles on the approaches to important political
and economic centers of the country (Moscow, Leningrad, and other
cities).

DIVlZIYA PARTIZANSKAYA (historical) (partisan division) - A
formation made up of partisan units. During World War II, a partisan
division usually performed missions such as disorganizing the enemy's
rear or disrupting his communications.

DIVlZIYA PVO (air defense division) - The basic tactical formation
of national air defense forces. An air defense division includes units
and sometimes even formations of air defense branches. An air defense
division fulfils missions in its assigned area of combat activity.

DINAMlKA BOYA (dynamics of battle) - The course taken by combat
operations in connection with changes in the position of troops and the
situation.

DIREKTIVA (directive) - A regulatory instruction issued in writing
by higher command to subordinate levels. As a rule, a directive of an
operational nature indicates: the general goal of the operations, the
procedure for its attainment, the missions of troops (or naval forces),
and the times when the missions are to be completed in an operation. A
directive is usually issued by the Supreme Commander to officers
commanding troops of fronts. In the course of an operation, fulfilment
of interim missions by the troops is coordinated by the issue of combat
orders and instructions. In peacetime, directives are issued by the
Minister of Defense of the USSR, the Commanders-in-Chief of the
Services, the General Staff, the staffs of the Services, commanding
officers and chiefs of staff of strategic formations; directives concern
long-range problems of reorganization, operational or combat training,
mobilization training, materiel support of troops (or naval forces),
etc. On questions of Party and political work in the Army and Navy,
directives are signed by the Minister of Defense and the Head of the
Chief Political Directorate. In military districts, groups of forces,
fleets, and air defense districts, directives bear the signatures of
commanding officers, members of military councils, and heads of
political directorates.

DISLOKATSIYA VOYSK (troop disposition) -  The  distribution
(quartering) of troops in specific parts of the country, and of ships
in ports and naval bases.

DISPETCHERSHAYA SVYAZ' (control communication) - (1) Telephonic
communication by line or radio used to achieve direct communication
between one staff (or commander) with a number of other staffs (or
commanders), or officers at a control post, for simultaneous issue of
instructions, hearing reports, consultations, etc.; (2) communication
organized for the purpose of controlling the movements of transport on
communications routes.

DISTSIPLINA SVYAZI (communications discipline) - Strict observance
of the established procedure for the operation of communications,
compliance with requirements laid down in regulations, manuals and
instructions, and with orders of commanding officers and chiefs,
defining the organization of communications and the procedure for their
use.

DNEVNAYA ORIENTIRNO-SIGNAL'NAYA AVIATSIONNAYA BOMBA (DOSAB) (smoke
bomb) - An aerial smoke bomb for subsidiary purposes, used by day for
indicating (marking) of targets, aircraft control recognition points,
and landing (dropping) zones for airborne assault forces. Such bombs may
be of various colors.

DOZA IZLUCHENIYA (radiation dose) - See DOZA RADIATSII.

DOZA RADIATSII (radiation dose) - The fundamental quantitative
characterization of the effect of radioactive radiation on the
irradiated medium and, in particular, of its damaging effect on living
organisms. The radiation dose is defined as the quantity of radiative
energy absorbed by one cubic centimeter of the irradiated medium: it is
measured in roentgens (r).

DOZIMETRICHESKIYE PRIBORY (dosimetric instruments) - Instruments
used for carrying out radiation reconnaissance, for  monitoring
irradiation of personnel, and for determining  the  degree  of
contamination of various objects. Dosimetric instruments include
radioactive indicators, roentgenometers, radiometers, and dosimeters.

DOZIMETRICHlliSKIY KONTROL' (dosimetric monitoring) - A system of
measures for determining the radiation dose received by personnel, and
the degree of (radioactive) contamination sustained by personnel,
armament, materiel, clothing, food, and water. Dosimetric monitoring
is subdivided into irradiation monitoring and radioactive-contamination
monitoring. On the basis of irradiation-monitoring data, measures are
taken to safeguard personnel from radiation hazards. On the basis of
radioactive-contamination monitoring data, the need for complete
sanitary processing and radioactive decontamination, or repetition of
them, is determined.

DOZORNAYA SLUZHBA (patrol duty) - A form of combat support, the
purpose of which is to forestall surprise enemy attack on naval forces
or coastal targets, and to permit timely deployment of naval forces and
facilities in a designated region.

DOLGOVREMENNOYE FORTIFlKATSIOHHOYE SOORUZHENIYE (permanent fortified
structure) - A defensive structure affording protection against nuclear
weapons, heavy artillery, heavy aerial weapons, and other means of
destruction. The strongest materials (e.g., reinforced concrete and
armor plate) are used to build permanent fortified structures.

DONESENIYE (report) - A written or oral report containing delinite
information, rendered by commanders and staffs at subordinate levels to
higher levels. Each report must be accurate, brief, simple in
presentation, and unambiguous. Reports rendered at intervals prescribed
in the Table of Routine Reports are called routine, whereas those which
are specially requested by higher authority, or which are rendered on
the initiative of subordinate staffs, are called "non-routine."

DONNAYA MINA (bottom mine) - A mine which, when emplaced, lies on
the bottom of the sea (or river). Bottom mines are used in areas having
relatively shallow depths.

DOPPLEROVSKIYE RADIOTEhHHICHESKIYE PRIBORY I SISTEMY (Doppler radio-
technical instruments and systems)Radio technical devices which make
use of a phenomenon consisting in the fact that the wavelength of
received waves differs from that of emitted waves when the transmitter
and receiver approach one another or recede from one another. This same
phenomenon occurs when radio waves are reflected, if the distance
between the reflecting surface and the receiver of the reflected waves
changes. In radar, the Doppler-Belopol'skiy effect is used to detect
moving targets against a background of immobile local objects, and to
measure the speed of missiles, aircraft, etc. In aviation, Doppler
instruments are used to measure the ground speed of an aircraft and the
drift of an aircraft due to wind. Such instruments are also used to
calculate distance travelled and the coordinates of the aircraft's
position.

DOPUSTIMAYA (BEZOPASNAYA) DOZA RADIATSlI (tolerable [safe] radiation
dose) - The radiation dose which, whether received in a single exposure
or in repeated exposures, does not lead to loss of combat effectiveness.

DORAZVEDKA (supplementary reconnaissance) - Obtaining additional
data on a previously investigated objective for the purpose of
confirming or amending its position, nature, size, and coordinates.

DOROZHNAYA SET' (road network) - The system of interconnected
railroads, paved roads, and unpaved roads in existence or under
construction in a particular area of terrain. The development of a road
network in a specific region or theater of hostilities is defined by the
road density, i.e., the average of the total lengths of each type of
road per hundred square kilometers.

DOROZHHOYE OBESPECHENIYE (highway support) - The complex of measures
taken with regard to the preparation and operation of highways, and
organization of uninterrupted movement on them. Highway support includes
reconnaissance, selection of main and auxiliary highways, their
restoration, repair, artificial covering, and deployment of the area
road traffic control service.  Highway support is accomplished by
highway troops and engineer troops. Local civil road-building and road
operating organizations may be enlisted for highway support purposes.

DOROZHNO-KOMENDANTSKAYA POLOSA (area road traffic control zone) -
A zone of terrain assigned within definite boundaries for convenience
in controlling troop movements, moving freight, and implementmg various
measures pertaining to highway support. An area road traffic control
zone is divided, in turn, into area road traffic control regions and
sectors. As a rule, area road traffic control zones and sectors are
divided in accordance with the offensive sectors of the armies of the
first echelon of a front. Their size depends on the number of highways
and their condition, on their envisaged traffic intensity, and on the
composition of the forces and facilities assigned  to  highway
maintenance.

DOROZHNO-KOMENDANTSKAYA SLUZHBA (area road traffic control service)
- A system of measures adopted by personnel of area road traffic control
units and formations on highways for the  following  purposes:
organization of dispatcher control of troop and supply movements;
regulation of traffic; defense, security, and protection of highway
objectives; maintenance of military order; and organization of servicing
points.

DOROZHNYYE VOYSKA (highway troops) - Special troops used for the
restoration, repair, construction, and operation of highways, and also
for carrying out area road traffic control service. Highway troops
consist of individual formations and units of area road traffic control
troops, road-building troops, and bridge-building troops.

DOROZHNYY MINOISKATEL' (road mine detector) - An engineer vehicle
intended for detection of mines on roads, airfields, and open terrain.
A road mine detector is a cross-country vehicle equipped with a device
for searching out mines, that stops automatically when a mine is
detected.

DOSTOVERNOST' SVYAZI (communications reliability) -  Precise
correspondence of the received communication to the transmitted one.
Reliability is one of the most important  demands  made  upon
communications (a communications system).

DUBLIROVANIYE (duplication) Twofold action - This is widely used in
military affairs; for example: duplication of communications, i.e.,
transmission of a given order, report, signal, etc., by different modes
of communication.

DUBLIROvANIYE PEREPRAV (duplication of water crossings) -Completion
of an additional water crossing capable of replacing existing ones in
case of need, or preparation for such an additional crossing so that it
could be rapidly effected. Most often, in the organization or course of
an operation (or battle), bridge crossings are duplicated. Duplication
of water crossings may be accomplished by troops and/or local civil
road- and bridge-building organizations, using local materials and
floating craft, as well as organizational water-crossing materiel.

DUPLEKSNAYA  SVYAZ'  (duplex  communications)  -  Two-way
communication, in which two control centers are able to transmit and
receive messages simultaneously.

DYMOVAYA AVIATSIOHNAYA BOMBA (DAB) (aerial smoke bomb) - A special-
purpose bomb for laying smoke screens, concealing friendly troops, and
blinding enemy command posts, observation posts, and weapons.

DYMOVAYA ZAVESA (smoke screen) - An artificially-formed cloud of
smoke or fog which hinders the enemy in his conduct of visual
observation, aimed fire, and precision bombing, and conceals the actions
of friendly troops, aircraft, and ships from optical means of
reconnaissance. The effectiveness of a smoke screen depends on weather
conditions, primarily, the speed and direction of the wind. In order to
lay a smoke screen, the following are used: smoke pots, mines, smoke
shells, hand grenades, aerial bombs, and smoke generators installed on
wheeled and tracked vehicles, tanks, aircraft, and merchant vessels.

DYMOVAYA MASKIROVKA (smoke concealment) - A component part of one
of the forms of troop support, namely, camouflage. Smoke concealment is
accomplished by creating an artificial cloud of smoke or fog which
conceals the objects to be masked from the enemy's optical
reconnaissance facilities.

DYMOOBRAZUYUSHCHIYE VESHCHESTVA (smoke-making substances) - Liquid
and solid mixtures, as well as phosphorus, used to make concealing and
blinding smoke screens. Liquid smoke mixture is used by atomizing it in
smoke machines. Solid smoke mixtures are used in smoke pots and smoke
hand grenades. Phosphorus is used in aerial bombs and artillery
projectiles.

YEDINAYA RADIOLOKATSIONNAYA SlSTEMA (unified radar system) - A
system whereby the radar facilities of the various service branches and
Services are subordinated to a common command, in contrast to separate,
uncoordinated use of radar facilities; for example, the aggregate of the
forces and facilities of radio-technical troops deployed on the
territory of the country in accordance with a unified plan for
reconnaissance of the air enemy, ensuring guidance of fighter aviation,
and assignment of targets to air defense missile troops. Underlying this
system are the combat formations of radio-technical units in possession
of radio-technical facilities, communications facilities, and automated
apparatus for the collection, transmission, and generalization of data
on the air situation.

YEDINONACHALIYE (unity of command) - A most important principle of
the structure of the Armed Forces of the USSR. The main essence of unity
of command is the personal responsibility of a commander for the morale,
discipline, military and political training, combat readiness and combat
activity of his subunit, unit, formation, or major field force. Unity
of command is developed and reinforced on a Party basis. A commanding
officer, making a decision personally in combat, depends on the support
of Party organizations and the entire military collective. The Communist
Party reinforces unity of command, which is indispensable in the Armed
Forces, skilfully combining it with the principle of collectivism.

YEMKOST' AERODROMNOY SETI (capacity of an airfield net) - The number
of aviation units of one or several types of aviation which can be based
on a given airfield net simultaneously. The capacity of an airfield net
depends on the total number of airfields which it contains.

YEMKOST' NAPRAVLENIYA (support capability of a sector) - The
possibility of deployment, operations, materiel and technical support
of such and such a grouping of troops (or air forces) in a given sector.
The support capability of a sector is characterized by the width of the
zone (or air space), depth of the sector, road network (or airfield
net), and number of important objectives of operational or strategic
significance in the given sector.

YEMKOST' TEATRA VOYENNYKH DEYSTVIY (support capability of a theater
of operations) - The possibility, in a given theater of operations, of
supporting the deployment of any large strategic grouping consisting of
several strategic formations of ground, naval and air forces, and
formations of other Services, whose military activities may be united
by a single strategic concept and plan. The support capability of a
theater of operations is determined by its military, political, and
strategic importance, by the overall size (width and depth) of the
theater, by its geographical position (by the presence of seas, by the
relief of the terrain), by the degree of development and state of the
airfield net, ports, communication routes, and by the presence and
number of important operational and strategic objectives of military
operations.

YESTESTVENNAYA DEGAZATSIYA (natural decontamination) - The process
whereby toxic agents on contaminated objects are rendered harmless
naturally, by weathering.

YESTESTVENNYYE MASKI (natural camouflage) - Local features (woods,
brush, ravines, buildings, etc.) facilitating concealed disposition or
movement of troops, and hindering their detection by the enemy.

YESTESTVENNYYE PREPYATSTVIYA (natural obstacles) - Local features
and elements in the relief of the terrain (or of a sector or separate
region) which slow down or stop movement, thus hampering troop combat
actions, especially the use of combat vehicles (tanks, armored personnel
carriers, trucks, etc.). On the other hand, natural obstacles facilitate
strengthening of a defense. Natural obstacles include rivers, canals,
marshes, high ground with steep slopes, ravines, cliffs, dense forests,
etc.

YESTESTVENNYYE UKRYTIYA (natural cover) - Elements of the relief of
the terrain (escarpments, hillsides, canyons, natural caves, forests)
which reduce the lethal and destructive effects of nuclear and
conventional weapons on personnel and combat equipment, and conceal them
from enemy reconnaissance.

ZHELEZNODOROZHNYYE VOYSKA (railroad troops) - Special troops used
to restore, construct, and operate railroads in a theater of operations.

ZHURNAL BOYEVYKH DEYSTVIY (journal of combat operations) - One of
the report and information documents maintained by the staffs of units,
formations, and major field forces, used to describe the preparation
for, and course of, combat experience, for compiling reports, and for
replying to various inquiries. Entries in a war diary are made daily,
as the combat situation changes.

ZHURNAL NABLYUDENIYA (observation log) - A document for recording
the results of battlefield observations. An observation log is usually
kept in observation posts. In it are recorded: the date, time, place,
the results of observation, and to whom, when, and by what method, the
results of observation were reported.

ZAVESA (MASKA) (screen [mask]) - A camouflage method. It may be done
by the smoke-screen method or by suspending regulation (or locally
available) camouflage materials to conceal  military  objectives
(structures, armament, positions, stretches of road, etc.) from visual
and air observation by the enemy.

ZAVESA PODVODNYKH LODOK (screening force of submarines) - A group of
several submarines, organized into a common sweep or combat force for
the joint completion of a combat mission assigned to them.

ZAGRADITEL' SETEVOY (netlayer) - A suiface ship of special
construction, used to place nets as obstructions against submarines and
torpedoes.

ZAGRADlTEL'HYY OGON' (barrage fired type of artillery fire consisting
in laying a fire barrage (frontal or Bank) on a preselected line (or
lines) in order to interdict movement by enemy infantry or tanks.
Barrage fire is arranged beforehand, and is conducted at a definite rate
for a certain period of time.

ZAGRAZHDENIYE PUTEY SOOBSHCHENIYA (obstruction of transportation
routes) - A system of measures, including demolition, mining, and the
erection of obstacles on railroads, highways, water and air routes,
adopted with a view to precluding or hindering their use by the enemy.

ZAGRAZHDENIYA MORSKIYE (obstruction of waterways) - A system of
artificial obstacles on probable enemy shipping routes. Means of
obstruction used at sea include mines, boom defenses, nets, underwater
cribs, sunken vessels, etc.

ZAZHIGATEL'NAYA BOMBA (incendiary bomb) - An aerial bomb, used to
start areas of fires.

ZAZHIGATEL'NYYE BAKI (ZB) (incendiary tanks) - An aerial weapon.
Such containers with an incendiary mixture are intended to destroy
wooden structures, oil tank farms, ammunition dumps, railroad depots
with rolling stock, personnel, materiel, and other targets by fire.

ZAlflIIGATEL'NYY SNARYAD (incendiary projectile) - A shell filled
with thermite and intended to ignite various flammable objects.

ZAKREPLENIYE ZAKHVACHENNOGO RAYONA (RUBEZHA) (consolidation of a
seized region [or line]) - Bringing into a defensible state a seized
enemy region (or line) of tactical or operational importance, for the
purpose of repelling enemy counterattacks and counterblows.
Consolidation of a seized region ensures favorable conditions for a
further offensive in depth, and also for conducting defensive actions.

ZAKREPLENIYE USPEKHA (consolidation of gains) - The aggregate of
measures directed toward maintaining constant readiness and capability
of troops to repel enemy attempts to halt an offensive or to interfere
with the accomplishment of any maneuver which is advantageous to the
advancing side. One of the most  important  measures  ensuring
consolidation of gains is the retention of seized regions (or lines).

ZAKRYTYY MORSKOY TEATR VOYENNYKH DEYSTVIY (enclosed theater of naval
operations) - An expanse of sea bordered by the shores of one or several
states, and having straits used for access to the ocean (directly or
through an adjoining sea). Such a theater is characterized by relatively
limited extent in terms of latitude and longitude.

ZAKRYTYY RADIOLOKATSIOHNYY POST (inactive radar station) - A radar
station whose equipment is deployed for operation, but is switched on
only under special circumstances.

ZAKRYTYY RAYON MORYA (closed area of the sea) - An area of the sea
which is out of bounds either to all ships and vessels or to ships of
one particular type (areas assigned for gun trials, or exercises
involving submarines, surface ships, aviation, etc.).

ZAMORSKIYE BAZY (foreign) (overseas bases) - Missile bases, naval
bases, air force bases, and supply bases of imperialist states, founded
in colonies or on the territory of occupied or dependent countries to
suppress national-liberation movements, and to prepare for, and conduct,
aggressive military activities. The system of US military bases on
foreign territories is a consequence of the aggressive policy and
strategy of American militaristic circles that envisages attack on the
USSR.

ZAMYSEL OPERATSII (BOYA) (concept of an operation [or battle]) -The
idea expressing the basic thought and content of the decision of the
commanding general (or commander). The concept of an operation (or
battle) includes: the objective to be attained in the forthcoming
operation (or battle) and the method of attaining it; the zone (or
sector) of concentration of the main efforts of the troops and the
grouping of forces and facilities by sector; a possible maneuver of
forces and weapons in the course of the combat activities, and the
measures necessary to ensure timely completion of the operational (or
combat) mission.

ZAPASNYY AERODROMNYY UZEL (alternate airfield area) - A group of
neighboring alternative airfields not occupied by aviation.  These
airfields may be used by an aviation formation, or by individual
aviation units and subunits. Depending on the situation, an alternate
airfield area may be converted to a home airfield area or a maneuver
airfield area. In order to do this, aviation-technical units are
deployed on the alternate airfield  area,  together  with  the
radio-technical facilities required for takeoff arid landing of aircraft,
and necessary action is taken to equip the alternate airfields
completely.

ZAPASNYY KOMANDNYY PUNKT (ZKP) (alternate command post) - A control
post deployed at the same time as the command post, and intended for
immediate assumption of control in the event that the command post is
put out of action, threatened with destruction, or becomes difficult or
impossible to use. Personnel in an alternate command post must know the
situation and must be well informed concerning orders and instructions
being issued to the troops. Radio facilities of an alternate command
post remain on listening watch. An alternate command post is usually
organized in a defensive situation.

ZAPASNYY RAYON (POZITSIYA) (alternate region [position]) - A zone
(or sector) of the terrain prepared (or designated) for the disposition
of troops or for defense. It is used for changing the grouping of troops
with a view to withdrawing them from the area of an enemy nuclear
strike, or for attaining greater stability in a defense.

ZAPASNYY UZEL SVYAZI (alternate communications center) - An
organizational and technical combination of communications forces and
facilities deployed in a region intended as the site of a relocated
control post should the need arise.

ZAPASY MATERIAL'NYKH SREDSTV (supply stockpiles) - The quantity of
the various types of materiel in regular supply which is to be
maintained in troop units and in various rear services elements.
According to their purpose, place of storage, and the unit responsible
for them, stockpiles of supplies may be in the following categories:
emergency, minimum-level, mobile (transportable and portable), center,
front, naval, or army. Mobile supplies (transportable and portable) are
sometimes grouped under the general classification unit.

ZAPRAVKA ((I) fuel unit; (2) the fueling process) - (1) The quantity
of fuel established for one vehicle (tank, armored personnel carrier,
automobile, tractor, missile, aircraft, or warship) as a supply-and
accounting unit for calculating fuel requirements and meeting them. For
tanks, self-propelled artillery mounts, tracked armored personnel
carriers, tractors, and other tracked vehicles, aircraft, or warships,
the fuel unit is determined by the capacity of the tanks (systems,
compartments) constituting their fuel system. For wheeled vehicles, the
fuel unit must, as a rule, permit the vehicle to travel a certain
distance (based on the official fuel-consumption rate). The fuel
allowance for units, formations, and major field forces is reckoned on
the basis of all vehicles held, within the limits of authorized
strength. (2) The process of filling the fuel tanks and receptacles
with fuels and lubricants to the limit of their capacity.

ZARAZHENIYE PO SLEDU RADIOAKTIVNOGO OBLAKA (contamination in the
wake of a radioactive cloud) - Contamination of the terrain, and the
objects and people in it, by radioactive fallout from a cloud of a
nuclear burst, along the path of the cloud's motion. The size and
configuration of the region (the area of the zone) and the degree of its
contamination depend on the yield and type of nuclear burst, on
meteorological conditions accelerating or retarding the fallout of
radioactive material (dust), on the distances from ground zero and from
the axis of the wake, and also on the relief of the terrain and the time
which has elapsed since the burst.

ZARAZHENNYY UCHASTOK (UZ) (contaminated area) - An area of the
terrain contaminated by toxic agents and radioactive substances or
bacterial agents in liquid-droplet form for the purpose of hindering
combat activities and causing injury to personnel. Radioactive areas
differ in shape, size, and character.

ZARIN (Sarin) - A quick-acting nerve and paralysant toxic agent.
Sarin is a colorless liquid with a barely-perceptible odor. It acts when
the air with which it is contaminated is inhaled, or when it penetrates
the skin. The gas mask arid protective clothing serve as protection
against it.

ZASADA (ambush) - A type of combat operation used by troop subunits
in reconnaissance for the purpose of capturing prisoners, documents,
arid samples of the enemy's weapons and combat materiel.

ZASTAVA (outpost) (l) The means of guarding troops on the march
(march security detachment) and in static deployment (guard outpost).
(2) A subunit of border troops (company of border troops) guarding a
specific sector of the state frontier.

ZASTOY OTRAVLYAYUSHCHIKH VESHCHESN (stagnation of toxic agents) -
The ability of the vapors of toxic agents,  under  favorable
meteorological conditions, to persist for protracted periods in ravines,
canyons, river bottomlands, forest massifs, trenches, etc., and still
retain their harmful properties.

ZAKHVAT INITSIATIVY V OPERATSII (BOYU) (seizure of the initiative
in an operation [or battle])Achieving an advantageous position over the
enemy, imposing one's will on him, and depriving him of freedom of
action.

ZAKHVAT TSELI RADIOLOKATSIONNOY STANTSIYEY (locking onto a target
by a radar station) - The transition of a radar station from searching
to automatic tracking of the target according to range and angular
coordinates.

ZASHCHITA VOYSK OT ORUZHIYA MASSOVOGO PORAZHENIYA (protection of
troops from weapons of mass destruction) - The complex of measures taken
for the purpose of preventing injury to personnel and damage to combat
materiel and equipment by the weapons and agents used in nuclear,
chemical, and bacteriological warfare; preserving the combat capability
of troops and and the functional capability of the rear; and ensuring
successful completion of the missions confronting them. The complex of
such measures includes: warning the troops of radioactive, chemical,
and bacterial contamination; conducting radiation, chemical,  and
bacteriological reconnaissance; dispersal, camouflaging of troops, use
of the protective features of the terrain, and its engineer preparation;
anti-chemical equipment for shelters; periodical change of areas in
which troops are located; conducting sanitary-hygienic and special
prophylactic measures; providing troops with protective equipment, and
taking measures to protect personnel from injury by toxic agents,
radioactive substances, and bacterial agents; clearing up the after
effects of the enemy's use of weapons of mass destruction.

ZASHCHITA, OBORONA I OKHRANA TYLA (protection, defense, and security
of the rear area) - Measures directed toward preserving the functional
capability of the rear area, and ensuring successful completion of the
missions confronting it. Such measures include: protection from nuclear,
chemical, and biological weapons; defense of rear area objectives
against attack by air, land, and sea; direct safeguarding of rear area
units and establishments; guarding of public works on communication
routes, and covering transports on their itineraries; camouflage
measures, and fire precautions.

ZASHCHlTA OT PORAZHENIYA S VOZDUKHA (protection from air attack) -
The complex of measures directed toward safeguarding troops and rear
area objectives from enemy air action. Such measures supplement the air
defense system, which is based on the coordinated efforts of active air
defense facilities, and include: warning of danger from the air,
dispersal of troops and rear area objectives, use of cover, and
employment of camouflage against observation from the air.

ZASHCHITA OT RADIOPOMEKH (protection against radio jamming) - The
complex of organizational and technical measures adopted to ensure
uninterrupted operation of one's own radio-technical facilities in the
event of intentional jamming caused by the enemy, or when there is
random interference  from  various  sources  of  electromagnetic
oscillations.

ZASHCHITNYYE SVOYSTVA MESTNOSTI (protective features of the terrain)
- Those features of the terrain which can reduce the effectiveness of
nuclear or conventional weapons. Protective features of the terrain are
determined by the general character of the relief and by the presence
of natural cover, for example: ravines, canyons, cliffs, steep slopes,
caves, forest massifs, etc. Skilful use of the protective features of
the terrain can reduce losses of personnel and combat materiel, can
lessen the volume of engineering work needed to prepare the tertain for
combat, and the time needed to perform such work.

ZVEZDNOSOLNECHNYY ORIENTATOR (astro  compass) - An astronomical
instrument used in navigation for fixing the position of an airborne
platform (or ship) according to heavenly bodies.

ZVUKOVAYA RAZVEDKA (sound [echo] ranging) - Detection of gun (or
mortar) batteries and determination of their coordinates, number of guns
(mortars) and their caliber, from their reports. Sound ranging is a part
of artillery reconnaissance and is done with the aid of special sound
ranging observation posts.

ZVUKOMASKIROVKA (sound masking) - A component part of one of the
forms of troop support, namely, camouflage. Sound masking is done within
the overall complex of camouflage measures for the purpose of making it
difficult for the enemy to detect troops and military objectives by the
characteristic noises and sounds which they produce. Sound masking is
accomplished by the troops' strict observance of established procedures
for vital activities, namely, a procedure which excludes or minimizes
noises and sounds, or drowns such noises and sounds by using special
means, e.g., loud-speaker equipment, flying aircraft, helicopters, etc.

ZVUKOPODVODNAYA SVYAZ' (underwater acoustic communication) - A form
of communication used in the navy between submarines which are
submerged. It is also used for communication between such submarines and
surface ships.

ZENITNAYA ARTILLERIYSKAYA GRUPPA (air defense artillery group) - Air
defense artillery consisting of more than one unit, under a unified
control, assigned to cover troops or important rear area objectives from
attack by the air enemy.

ZENITHAYA ARTILLERIYSKAYA DIVIZIYA (air defense artillery division)
- A tactical formation of air defense artillery, consisting of several
air defense artillery units of one or different calibers, and sub port
(servicing) subunits.

ZENITNAYA ARTILLERIYA (air defense [anti-aircraft] artillery) - A
type of artillery intended for air defense. In exceptional cases, air
defense artillery may be enlisted to engage the ground enemy, primarily
his tanks, and in coastal regions, to engage enemy warships and
transport vessels.

ZENITHOYE RAlCETNOYE PRIKRYTIYE (air defense missile cover) - A type
of cover for targets of national importance, troops, and ships, provided
by air defense missile forces, against air attack.

ZENITNYYE RAKETNYYE VOYSKA (air defense missile troops) - One of the
principal service branches in the composition of the national air
defense forces. Their role is to destroy the air enemy with air defense
guided missiles. Air defense missile troops consist of formations,
units, and subunits.

ZENITNYYE RAKETNYYE SOYEDINENIYA (air defense missile formations) -
Formations of air defense missile troops, consisting of several air
defense missile divisions and other subunits.

ZENITNYYE RAKETNYYE CHASTI (air defense missile units) - Units
armed with air defense missile complexes. Organizationally, they are
part of the air defense troops of the ground forces and national air
defense missile forces.

ZENITNYYE UPRAVLYAYEMYYE RAKETY (ZUR) (ground-to-air guided missiles)
- A type of missile in the ground-to-air class, intended for anti
aircraft (or anti-missile) defense. The flight of a ground-to-air guided
missile is controlled from the ground from the moment of launching until
it approaches the zone of the target. The charge is detonated with the
aid of a radio-detonator installed in the missile itself. Such a guided
missile may be armed with a conventional or a nuclear charge.

ZOMAN (Soman) - A toxic agent with a neuroparalytic action. It is
a colorless liquid with a faint odor of camphor, two to three times
stronger than Sarin in toxicity, and achieves, to a considerably greater
degree than Sarin, an effect through the skin by its vapors (resorptive
action).

ZONA ADMINISTRATIVNAYA (foreign) (administrative zone) - The
territory in the depth of a theater of operations, situated behind the
zone of combat operations. The administrative zone contains the
communication routes, and also the rear  area  facilities  and
establishment of the theater of operations.

ZONA BOYEVYKH DEYSNIY (foreign) (combat operations zone) - The
foremost part of the territory of operations, on which combat operations
of ground forces take place or can take place. A zone of combat
operations is occupied by field armies, and in their absence, by army
corps. The depth of the zone depends on the numerical strength of the
troops in it, the nature of the planned operations, requirements with
regard to the material and technical support of the troops, the
peculiarities of the terrain, and on the possible actions of the enemy.

ZONA BOYEVYKH DEYSTVIY AVIATSII (air combat operations zone) - A
particular part of the air space of a theater of operations within the
limits of which aviation is based and conducts combat operations. The
size of the zone depends on the numerical strength of the aviation
concentrated in the given region, and on the tactical-technical
characteristics of the aircraft.

ZONA ZAGRAZHDENIY (obstacle zone) - A region (or zone) of the
terrain in which various artificial obstacles are created for the
purpose of retarding or halting the movement of the enemy, thus creating
conditions for destroying him with nuclear weapons and other means. An
obstacle zone consists of concentrations of obstacles covering routes,
in a given sector, mine fields and other obstacles covering the roadless
areas which are traversable by tanks.

ZONA MOLCHANIYA (MERTVAYA ZONA) (cone of silence [dead zone]) - A
waveband in which reception of no radio transmitting station whatever
is detected, although normal reception takes place outside this
waveband. It is observed when using wavelengths shorter than 70 meters,
and is due to the propagation properties of short waves.

ZONA NABLYUDENIYA (observation zone) - The air space (when observing
air targets) or area of terrain (when observing ground targets) in which
it is possible to observe and detect targets using the means available
at the given observation post.

ZONA OBORONY (foreign) (defense zone) - The territory on which
defensive operations are organized and conducted by major field forces
(a field army, a group of armies). A defense zone may coincide with a
zone of combat operations.

ZONA OGNYA ZENITNOY ARTILLERII (air defense artillery fire zone) -
The air space within which a given grouping of air defense artillery
can fire on an air target. This air space is a hemisphere with a radius
equal to the maximum vertical range of the air defense guns of various
calibers.

ZONA OZIHIDANIYA ((I) holding zone; (2) staging area) - (1) air
force-The air space above a definite area of tertain, established by the
decision of the aviation commander for a unit or formation for the
length of time needed to withdraw the aircraft from an airfield under
threat of enemy attack, the aircraft so withdrawn remaining in the air
at the holding zone pending receipt of more precise instructions
concerning a previously-assigned combat mission, or pending a call to
action; (2) navy -a limited expanse of water in which warships (or
forces or groups) may await orders, or the appointed time for carrying
out orders already issued, or favorable conditions for fulfilment of a
combat (or training) mission. A staging area is sometimes called a
staging region.

ZONA PODAVLENIYA RADIOTEKHICHESKIKH SREDSTV (zone of suppression of
radio-technical facilities) - The air space within the limits of which
enemy radio-electronic equipment may be suppressed by a  given
transmitter with the required effectiveness. The size of the suppression
zone depends on the power of the transmitter, background noise,
conditions for the propagation of radio waves, the features of the radio
equipment being suppressed, etc.

ZONA PORAZHENIYA ZENITNOY RAKETNOY CHASTI (impact zone of an air
defense missile unit) - The air space in which hitting aerial targets
is assured with the necessary degree of probability. The impact zone of
an air defense missile unit is comprised of the impact zones of the
launching subunits of a given unit, deployed to defend a given objective
or region.

ZONA, PRIKRYVAYEMAYA RADIOPOMEKHAMI (zone covered by radio jamming) -
The air space in which targets are covered against observation by a
given radar station, by a given jamming transmitter.

ZONA PROTIVOLODOCHNOY OBORONY (anti-submarine defense zone) - The
water expanse, around a mobile objective at sea or at any part of the
coast, in which anti-submarine defense forces engage in the search for,
and destruction of, enemy submarines and fulfil their mission of
protecting the given objective from underwater attack. An antisubmarine
defense zone is usually divided into near and distant (sectors).

ZONA RADIOAKTIVNOGO ZARAZHENIYA (radioactive contamination zone) -
An area contaminated by radioactive substances in the vicinity of a
nuclear burst and in the wake of a radioactive cloud. The configuration
and size of a radioactive contamination zone may differ according to the
number, yield, and types of nuclear burst, the length of time which has
elapsed since the bursts, the mutual position of the ground zero
locations, weather conditions, and the relief of the terrain. The
contamination density and radiation  levels  in  a  radioactive
contamination zone may vary.

ZONA RADIOLOKATSIONNOGO NAVEDENIYA (radar-guidance zone) - The air
space in which guidance of missiles or fighters to air targets with the
aid of ground or airborne radar guidance stations is assured. The size
of a radar-guidance zone depends on the number and disposition of radar-
guidance stations, on their capabilities, and on the range of the radio-
communication and fighter-control facilities.

ZONA RADIOLOKATSIONNOGO TSELEUKAZANIYA (radar target-indication
zone) - The air space in which radar determination of the coordinates
of air targets may be accomplished with a degree of accuracy sufficient
for effective action by air defense missile units and air defense
artillery.

ZONA SVOBODNOGO POISKA (aviatsionnaya) (zone of free search
[aviation]) - A region of enemy territory and the air space above it,
designated by the air force commander for autonomous combat activities
on the part of a group of aircraft or an aviation unit with a view to
searching out and destroying important enemy ground and air objectives.

ZONA TAKTICHESKOGO RASSREDOTOCHENIYA SIL FLOTA (zone of tactical
dispersal of naval forces) - A region in which ships, aircraft, missile
launchers and artillery of any naval force whatever are dispersed in
order to preclude their destruction by a single enemy nuclear burst. The
size of such a zone depends on the expected yield (TNT equivalent) of
the enemy nuclear weapon and the nature of its burst, on the character
of the objectives, and on the degree of their dispersal and cover.
ZONAL'NAYA PVO (zonal air defense) - A method of accomplishing air
defense, based on the defense of significant areas (zones) by a
particular grouping of air defense troops. This grouping carries out its
combat operations at the approaches to the zones (areas) in which the
defended objectives are located.

ZONAL'NO-OB"YEKTOVAYA PVO (zonal-objective air defense) - A method of
accomplishing air defense in which the men and equipment engaged in the
conflict with the air enemy are located-and conduct their combat
operations-both at the approaches to individual zones (or regions) and
at the approaches to the most important objectives situated in the given
zone (or region).

IDEOLOGICHESKAYA OBRABOTKA (ideological indoctrination) - The
political impact of the bourgeoisie on the consciousness of armed forces
personnel and the population (especially young people) of imperialist
states in the spirit of militarism and aggression, chauvinism and
racism, in the spirit of hatred toward  the  Communist  order
(anticommunism) and toward the peoples of socialist countries, and war
propaganda against world socialism. The character of the prevailing
bourgeois ideology exerts a substantial effect on the psychology of
soldiers and officers of imperialist armies, and on the formation of
their feelings, moods, and habits. The armies of bourgeois countries are
imbued with such psychological qualities as egoism, money-grubbing,
aggressiveness, nationalism, and brutal harshness. Special agencies are
created to carry out ideological indoctrination of personnel, and the
press, radio, television, and religion are also used.

lZBYTOCHNOYE DAVLENIYE V UDARNOY VOLNE (overpressure in the shock wave)
- The pressure above atmospheric, caused by the shock wave of an
explosion. It is usually measured in kilograms per square centimeter
(kg/cm2). The character of the change in overpressure with time depends
on the power of the explosion, the type of explosion, the distance to
the site of the explosion, and on the medium in which the explosion
took place.

IZOLYATSIYA RAYONA BOYEVYKH DEYSNIY (foreign) (isolation of the area
of combat operations) - Measures taken for the purpose of denying
reserve forces access to the area of combat operations and prohibiting
transport of materiel into this area from elsewhere on the front, or
from rear areas. Usually, such measures include: placing nuclear
barriers; demolishing road intersections, bridges, defiles, and mountain
passes; creating artificial obstacles in enemy rear areas; and also
carrying out strikes on troops in areas of concentration, and when they
are on the move.

IMITATSIYA ((1) simulation, deception; (2) imitation) - (1) A decoy
grouping of troops or dummy objects, false movements and disposition of
troops, dummy defensive works, etc., for the purpose of misleading the
enemy about the true disposition or activities of friendly troops, and
of drawing his fire against the dummy objectives. Simulation is carried
out with the aid of mock-ups of materiel, dummy works, and also signs
of vital activity of the troops being simulated (firing, radio
conversations, etc.). Simulation is also done by  demonstrative
activities, misinformation, etc. Simulation on an operational scale is
carried out only on the instructions of a higher echelon of military
command. (2) Reproduction, with all possible accuracy, during exercises
and maneuvers, of the outward effects of nuclear bursts, explosions of
artillery shells, bursts of aerial bombs, launching of missiles, the
artillery, tanks, small-arms fire, etc., using less costly and more
available means, for example, blank rounds, explosives, combined charges
of explosives, fuels, and smoke-making substances, etc.

IMMUNIZATSIYA (immunization) - An active, specific prophylaxis for
infectious diseases. Immunization is one of the elements of the complex
of hygienic-prophylactic measures taken to safeguard the health of
troops. Immunization is done with various inoculating preparations
(vaccines).

IMMUHITET (immunity) - Nonreceptivity of the organism to infectious
diseases.

IMPUL'SNOYE IZLUCHENIYE (pulse radiation) - Radiation of electro
magnetic energy by a radar station or other radio-technical apparatus
in the form of pulses, namely, brief packets of radio waves with
intervals between them usually having a duration considerably greater
than the duration of each pulse. Pulse radiation is used in radar and
radio navigation for measuring distances, and in radio communications
for time separation of channels in multi-channel transmissions.

IMPUL'SNYY RADIOMAYAK (radiolokatsionnyy mayak) (pulse-radio beacon
[radar beacon]) - A receiving-transmitting station used for determining
the position of aircraft and ships relative to the points where the
pulse beacons are known to be situated, or for ensuring the precise
arrival of aircraft or ships at the point where a pulse beacon is
located. -A pulse radio beacon is a radar transponder; it receives the
pulses of radio waves sent by the aircraft (or ship) radar apparatus (a
special interrogator), and emits responding pulses of radio waves which
the radar apparatus (interrogator) receives. On the radar screen
(interrogator), the distance and bearing of the pulse radio beacon are
determined on the basis of the received pulse.

INDIVIDUAL'NYYE SREDSTVA ZASHCHITY (individual means of protection)
- (1) means of protecting the respiratory organs and eyes against toxic
agents, radioactive substances, and bacteriological agents (namely: gas
masks); (2) means of protecting the skin (namely: protective clothing,
e.g., protective capes, suits, special garments, and underwear).

INDIVIDUAL'NYYE SREDSTVA RADIOPOMEK (individual means of radio jamming)
- Means of jamming enemy electronic systems in order to protect an
individual aircraft or warship. Individual means of radio interference
include stations for jamming: (1) radar air defense missile-guidance
stations; (2) fighter-interceptor stations; and (3) air defense
artillery gun-laying stations. Other individual means of radio jamming
are automatic devices for dropping chaff, and firing antiradar shells
against the same radar stations.

INDIKATOR KRUGOVOGO OBZORA (plan position indicator) - An indicator
on whose screen are observed targets located within the detection range
of the radar station associated with the plan position indicator. The
blips of the targets persist on the screen during one revolution of the
radar station's antenna as a result of afterglow (residual luminescence
of the screen). Looking at the screen, it is possible to read off the
range and bearing of each target. The plan position indicator is used
in many ground and airborne radar stations, for example, in air defense
detection systems, and in radar bombsights.

IHDIKATOR RADIOAKTIVNOSTI (radioactivity indicator) - An instrument
intended to detect contamination of the terrain and to measure levels
of radiation.

INDIKATSIYA OTRAVLYAYUSHCHIKH VESHCHESTV (indication of toxic agents) -
Detection of toxic agents in the air, on the terrain, on objects, and
on foodstuffs, and also identification of the toxic agent.

INERTSIAL'NAYA SISTEMA UPRAVLENIYA (inertial guidance system) - A
guidance system for an airborne platform using as data the measured
values of the accelerations sustained by the platform. The sensitive
elements used in an inertial guidance system are accelerometers and
gyroscopic instruments.

INZHENERNAYA PODGOTOVKA VOYSK (troop engineer training) - Training
servicemen, subunits, units, and formations of service branches and the
Services to be capable of performing certain engineer functions
independently, without the aid of engineer troops. Such functions
include: implementation of the simplest measures for protecting against
means of mass destruction, for adapting the terrain to combat, and for
securing the advance of friendly combat formations.

INZHENERNAYA PODGOTOVKA ISKHODNOGO RAYONA (engineer preparation of
an attack position) - The aggregate of engineer works done to prepare
the terrain in the area occupied by troops prior to attack from a
position in close contact with the enemy. Engineer preparation of attack
position consists in providing trenches, communications trenches, and
shelters for attacking subunits, positional areas for missile troops,
firing positions for artillery and air defense weapons, assembly and
firing positions for tanks, and areas for second echelons (reserves);
preparation of airfields, control posts, various depots, and bases;
preparation of routes for the advance and deployment of troops;
implementation of camouflage measures.

INZHENERNAYA RAZVEDKA (engineer reconnaissance) - Obtaining and
assembling information on defensive works, obstacles, and nature and
degree of engineer preparation on the terrain at the disposal of the
enemy; the state of the roads, bridges, river crossings, hydrotechnical
works, passability of the terrain, and its protective and camouflaging
qualities in the area of impending action; water sources; and the
presence of local facilities and materials needed to support combat
operations of the troops.

INZHENERNAYA TEKHNIKA (engineer equipment) - A component part of
engineer armament, including machines, mechanisms, and assemblies used
by troops when fulfilling engineer-support missions. Engineer equipment
includes: road, river-crossing, bridge-building, earthmoving, lumber
milling, electrotechnical, and load-lifting equipment; machines and
mechanisms for engineer reconnaissance, mine removal, placing obstacles,
and water supplies, etc.

INZHENERNO-AVIATSIONNAYA SLUZHBA (IAS) (Aviation  Engineering
Service) - A special service intended to provide aviation engineering
support for the combat operations and combat training of aviation units
and formations of the air force.

INZHENERNO-AVIATSIONNOYE OBESPECHENIYE (aviation  engineering
support) - Organizing the operation of aviation equipment, and
conducting its timely repair; planning the aviation-engineering service;
deploying repair units and technical facilities;
carrying out engineering calculations, etc.

INZHENERNO-AERODROMNOYE OBESPECHENIYE AVIATSII (airfield-engineering
aviation support) - A type of support for all kinds of aviation,
consisting in the implementation of airfield-engineering measures for
the purpose of creating, for the air force, conditions of constant
combat readiness, successful performance of combat operations, dispersed
and mobile basing, and also protection of aviation units and formations
against weapons of mass destruction. Airfield-engineering aviation
support includes: siting, planning, building, and restoring airfields;
equipping them with artificial runways; mining and mine-clearing at
airfields and other objectives of the aviation rear areas; providing
cover for materiel and personnel at airfields and in dispersal zones;
constructing cover and shelters for control posts; implementing
camouflage measures, etc.

INZHENERNOYE IMUSHCHESTVO (authorized engineering equipment)
- A component part of the facilities of engineering armament,
including diverse equipment and means of implementing  missions
associated with engineering support (for example, reconnaissance,
placing and negotiating obstacles, camouflage, field water supply,
equipping positions, ferrying of troops, electrical supply, etc.); spare
parts for engineering vehicles; entrenching and workshop tools; and
materials which are issued to formations and units of service branches
and engineer troops in accordance with allowance and equipment lists
established by the Ministry of Defense.

INZHENERNOYE OBESPECHENIYE OPERATSII (BOYA) (engineer support of an
operation [or battle]) - A type of support for operational and combat
activities of troops. It consists in implementing engineer measures for
the purpose of creating favorable conditions on the terrain for rapid
and covert deployment or concentration of troops, attaining high tempos
of attack, and stability and aggressiveness in defense, protecting
troops against weapons of mass destruction, and combating the enemy by
using engineering techniques. Engineer support of an operation (or
battle) includes: preparing routes for movement; equipping water-barrier
crossings; placing and negotiating obstacles; equipping position areas
of missile units, positions, areas for defense and for disposition of
troops, airfields, points for basing warships, control posts; procuring
and purifying water; using camouflage measures, etc.

INZHENERNOYE OBESPECHENIYE SIL VOYENNOMORSKOGO FLOTA V OPERATSIYAKH
(engineering support of naval forces during operations) - The assemblage
of engineering measures -adopted for the purpose of creating on the sea
coast, with engineer facilities, the most favorable conditions under
which naval forces may conduct active combat operations. Engineering
support of naval forces during operations includes: equipping the
system of dispersed-basing points for warship formations; equipping
naval aviation airfields and ensuring their rebasing in the course
of an offensive operation; equipping positional areas for missile
units, control posts and regions for storage of materiel stockpiles;
preparing a road network to permit maneuver of coastal units and supply
of naval forces; using camouflage; and clearing the aftereffects of
enemy nuclear strikes.

INZHENERNOYE OBORUDOVANIYE MESTNOSTI (engineer preparation of
terrain) - Engineering measures taken to fortify and adapt terrain for
troop activities.

INZHENERNOYE OBORUDOVANIYE POZITSIONNYKH RAYONOV RAKETNYKH CHASTEY
(engineer preparation of missile deployment sites) - Engineering
measures in the deployment sites for missile units provide various works
and maneuver routes and institute camouflage and other measures, thus
supporting the conduct of combat operations by missile units, and
ensuring their protection against nuclear and conventional weapons.
Engineering organization of deployment areas for missile units includes:
preparing launching, assembly, and technical positions, control posts,
and roads for maneuvering and bringing up missiles and materiel within
the area; checking for the presence of mines, and clearing mines from
the roads and from the terrain as necessary; and implementing measures
for water supply and camouflage.

INZHENERNOYE OBORUDOVANIYE POLOS OBORONY (engineer preparation of
defense zones) - Engineering measures to fortify and adapt the terrain
for defense. Engineer preparation of defense zones includes: preparation
of various positions for troops, defense areas, strong points, firing
lines, deployment lines, areas (or lines) for location of second
echelons and reserves, deployment areas for missile troops, and
artillery (or tank) firing positions; preparation of routes for
maneuvers, supplies, and evacuation; implementation of camouflage
measures; emplacement of engineer obstacles, and preparation of control
posts.

INZHENERNOYE OBORUDOVANIYE PUNKTA BAZIROVANIYA KORABLEY (engineer
preparation of porting facilities) - Engineering measures implemented
to ensure that ships have a safe berth, to supply ships with weapons and
all types of stores, to effect ship repairs, and also to accommodate and
provide various services for their crews.

INZHENERNOYE OBORUDOVANIYE RAYONOV  RASPOLOZHENIYA  (engineer
preparation of billeting areas) - Engineering measures, implemented by
troops, to fortify and adapt an occupied area for covert billeting, for
rapid departure to assigned sectors, and for protection against weapons
of mass destruction. Engineering preparation of billeting areas
includes: arranging cover for personnel and combat materiel along the
main routes; developing the road network within the billeting area;
setting up structures for control posts and equipping water supply
points; and camouflaging troops and combat materiel.

INZHENERNYYE BOYEPRIPASY (engineering munitions) - A component part
of engineer armament, including mines for various purposes and of
various types, explosives and the means of detonating them (detonators,
fuzes, electrical firing units of all types, etc.), used for mine
obstacles, explosive obstacles, destruction, and demolition work.

INZHENERNYYE VOYSKA (engineer troops) - Special troops that provide
engineering support for combat operations of all the Services and
service branches. Engineer troops perform the most complex tasks,
requiring special training and the use of various engineering equipment.
According to their role, engineer troops are subdivided into the general
(combat engineer) and special categories (which includes: pontoon and
bridge, assault crossing, highway,  works  service,  camouflage,
construction, and other units and subunits). According to their
affiliation, engineer troops are subdivided into the organic category,
in which case they are a component part of ground force formations and
units, or into one of the following categories: army, front, Supreme
High Command Reserve, Navy, Air, or one of the other Services of the
Armed Forces.

INZHENERNYYE ZAGRAZHDENIYA (engineer obstacles) - Artificial
obstructions of various types used in a battle or operation for the
purpose of slowing down or stopping the movement of enemy troops, of
opposing air or amphibious assault-force landings, and of inflicting
losses on the enemy. According to their purpose, engineer obstacles are
subdivided into anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-transport, and
anti-landing categories. According to the nature of their effects,
engineering obstacles are subdivided into the mine-and-explosive
category (mine fields, high explosive mines), and the nonexplosive
category (ditches, scarps, counterscarps, post obstacles, hedgehogs,
tetrahedra, etc.). Engineer obstacles must be covered by artillery,
mortar, and machinegun fire.

INZHENERNYYE MEROPRIYATIYA PO OPERATIVNOY MASKIROVKE (engineer
measures in operational camouflage) Measures implemented by engineer
and other troops in accordance with the overall plan for operational
camouflage. These measures include: setting up of camouflage nets to
conceal troops and military objectives of operational importance;
construction of mock-ups of missiles, artillery, tanks, aircraft, and
other items of armament or combat materiel; production of engineering
works to show a dummy grouping of troops; creation of dummy operational
objectives.

INZHENERNYYE PROTIVODESANTNYYE ZAGRAZHDENIYA (engineer anti-landing
obstacles) - A variety of engineer obstacles. They are intended to
break up and delay enemy amphibious landings as he is putting ashore.
They are installed in the water and on the beach. Laid in the water are
special anti-landing mines, ordinary anti-tank mines, and non-explosive
anti-tank obstacles (metallic and reinforced concrete post obstacles,
hedgehogs, etc.). Laid on the beach are anti-tank mines, directional,
splinter, and pressure type; anti-personnel mines, wire obstacles and
stone fougasses.

INZHENERNYYE SOORUZHENIYA (engineer structures) - Structures built
on the terrain as a part of engineer support for combat operations of
troops. Engineer structures include fortified structures, bridges,
roads, airfields, jetties, dummy objects, etc., built either by the
troops themselves, or by engineering troops of the various Services.

INZHENERNYY REZERV (engineer reserve) - A unit at the disposal of
the commanding general (or commander) of engineering forces and
facilities, intended to replace engineering units which have been
rendered ineffective, to reinforce the grouping of engineer troops in
important sectors, and to perform engineering missions which arise
unexpectedly in the course of an operation (or battle).

INITSIATIVA KOMANDIRA (NACHAL'NIKA) (initiative of a commander
[commanding officer]) - (1) A creative, informal solution by a
subordinate commander (commanding officer) during an operation (or
battle), which is part of a mission assigned to him, and the readiness
to take a calculated risk in connection with such a solution. The
initiative of a commanding officer (commander) consists in striving to
find the best method of fulfilling the assigned mission, in utilizing
favorable opportunities, and in taking the most expedient measures
promptly, without awaiting orders from one's immediate superior. (2) The
ability to impose one's will on the enemy in the course of an operation
(or battle).

INSEKTITSlDY (insecticides) - Chemical substances used to kill
insects.

INTEGRATOR (integrator) - An instrument for calculating velocities
and coordinates, operating on the basis of measurement of accelerations,
and integration of the acceleration with respect to time. The integrator
is used in missiles to guide them in flight according to a previously
assigned flight program.

INTENDANTSHAYA SLUZHBA (quartermaster service) - A. service
providing troops with materiel, clothing, and provisions, and managing
other services for personnel.

INTERVAL SERII BOMB (interval between bombs of a train) - The time
(or linear) interval between the bursts of the bombs of one train,
dropped on one target (objective).

INTERVALY MEZHDU PUSKAMI ZENITNYKH RAKET (intervals between
launchings of air defense missiles) - The lapse of time between
sequential launchings of missiles, during which time the missile
guidance station must be able to lock onto the next missile and guide
its flight.

INFORMATSIONNO-KHARAKTERISTICHESKIYE TABLITSY (tables of information
and characteristics) - A form of presentation of data concerning the
position, state, nature of activities, and numerical strength of units,
formations, and strategic formations of the various Services and service
branches, in a format convenient for loading into a computer memory and
subsequent output in the form of information.

INFRAKRASNAYA TEKHNIKA (infrared equipment) - Equipment utilizing heat
rays. Infrared (heat) rays (electromagnetic waves) have a wavelength of
0.78-400 microns (somewhat greater than the wavelength of visible
light). Infrared equipment used for military purposes includes night
vision instruments and thermal direction-finders. Infrared night-vision
instruments are used in darkness for reconnaissance, for aiming weapons,
for ensuring productivity of engineering work, for driving motor
vehicles, and for covert communication and recognition. Thermal
direction-finders determine the bearing of heat-radiation sources (e.g.,
missiles, warships), and are used for reconnaissance, missile guidance,
and navigation.

INFRAKRASNOYE NABLYUDENIYE (infrared observations) - Observation with
infrared instruments. It may be done with ground, airborne or shipboard
equipment, or equipment in spacecraft.

IONOSFERNAYA SLUZHBA (ionospheric service) - Regular observation of the
state of the ionosphere with the aid of ionospheric stations, in order
to meet the requirements of short-wave radio communication. Radio waves
may be refracted, reflected, scattered, or absorbed in the ionosphere.
Observed in the ionosphere are disturbances and magnetic storms
associated with the sun's radiation. These change the state of
ionization of atmospheric layers markedly, which leads to a considerable
change in the conditions for the propagation of radio waves. These
changes are taken into account when organizing radio communication and
radio navigation.

IONOSFERNOYE ZONDIROVANIYE (ionospheric probing) - Investigation of
the upper electrically-charged layers of the atmosphere (i.e., the
ionosphere) by emitting radio waves and receiving the reflected waves
from the ionosphere. Ionospheric probing is undertaken in order to study
the earth's atmosphere, to verify the passage of radio waves of various
wavebands at different times of the day and year, and to select the most
advantageous working waves for radio-technical equipment.

IONOSFERNYY PROGNOZ (ionospheric forecasting) - Scientifically based
prediction of the future state of the ionosphere and conditions for the
passage of short waves. Ionospheric forecasting may be long-term (for
a month, quarter, or year) or short-term (for a day, or a ten-day
period). Ionospheric forecasting is sent out regularly to the troops,
to permit selection of optimum frequencies, to ensure stability, and to
achieve radio communication at great distances.

ISSLEDOVANIYE OPERATSII (operational research) - A scientific
specialization closely associated with cybemetics, dealing with the
expedient utilization of equipment and armament, optimal use of economic
resources, and analysis of the combat operations of troops. Operational
research is based on the use of mathematical methods.

ISTORIYA VOYENNOGO ISKUSSTVA (history of military art) - The branch
of military science dealing with the forms and methods of armed conflict
in various socio-economic formations. It includes problems concerning
strategy, operational art, and tactics. It reveals the laws governing
the development of armed conflict, and discloses the interrelation
between economics, war materiel, and the policies of states. It
generalizes the historical experience of wars, and determines the effect
of this experience on the preparation for, and conduct of, hostilities
under present-day conditions, taking into account the new techniques and
organizational forms of the armed forces.

ISTORIYA VOYN (history of wars) - A scientific discipline which is
virtually the basis of military history as a whole, and of all its
branches. The history of wars describes and studies all wars and all
events of the military past of mankind in their chronological order. The
history of wars may be broken down into: the history of the wars of
particular peoples and countries; the history of individual wars (e.g.,
the history of World War II), etc.

ISTOCHNIKI VOYENNOY INFORMATSII (sources of military information) -
Staffs and other directing bodies, troop units and subunits, individual
warships and aircraft, automatic transmitters, etc., presenting reports
and other data.

ISTREBITEL'-BOMBARDIROVSHCHIK (fighter-bomber) - A front-line
aircraft used against ground targets, and occasionally against air
targets.

ISTREBITEL' PALUBNYY (deck-based fighter) - A fighter aircraft
intended for combat use from aircraft carriers.

ISTREBITEL'NAYA AVIATSIYA (fighter aviation) - A branch of air force
aviation. Fighter aviation is the most maneuverable means of engaging
the air enemy. It is used to destroy enemy aviation in the air,
primarily bombers, fighter-bombers, and cruise-missiles, as the most
probable carriers of nuclear weapons and other means of  mass
destruction, and also to support the combat operations of other kinds
of aviation. Under favorable conditions of the air situation, fighter
aviation may also be used for action against ground (or maritime) enemy
objectives, and for conducting air reconnaissance.

ISTREBITEL'NO-BOMBARDIROVOCHNAYA AVIATSIYA (fighter-bomber aviation)
- A branch of frontal aviation, used to destroy enemy nuclear facilities
and other small and mobile targets in the tactical -and near-operational
depth of the enemy. Fighter-bombers support combat operations of ground
troops, air-assault troops, and the navy, and also engage enemy assault
forces. They may be used to engage enemy aviation and unmanned means of
enemy air attack, and to conduct aerial reconnaissance.

ISTREBITEL'NO-PROTIVOTANKOVAYA ARTILLERIYA (anti-tank artillery) -
Artillery intended for use against enemy tanks, self-propelled
artillery mounts, and armored personnel carriers. Usually, they deliver
direct fire from open firing positions.

ISTREBITEL'-PEREKHVATCHIK (fighter-interceptor) - A specially-equipped
fighter aircraft, possessing great horizontal and vertical speeds, great
radius of action, a powerful missile and cannon armament, radio
technical flight equipment and an automated guidance system, permitting
the detection, and engagement of, an air target beyond its range of
visibility by day, by night, and under adverse weather conditions. A
fighter interceptor may be designated to destroy air targets over the
entire range of altitudes--from low to medium to high--at subsonic or
supersonic speeds.

ISKHODNAYA INFORMATSIYA (initial information) - The source data
needed to define a problem for an electronic computer. Depending on the
nature of the problem to be solved, initial information may be expressed
either in the form of numbers, graphs, concepts and judgements, or in
the form of signals from automatic sources of primary information.

ISKHODNAYA OBSTANOVKA (initial situation) - The position of the
forces and facilities of the warring parties and the nature of their
combat operations for a specific period of time prior to commencement
of a training exercise. The initial situation is depicted on maps when
developing instructional materials for conducting a lesson or training
exercise in the tactical and operational training of commanding
officers, troops, and staffs, and after it has been thoroughly
evaluated, is intended to serve as a basis for decision-making by
student personnel at the beginning of lessons or exercises.

ISKHODNOYE POLOZIIENIYE (initial position) - The disposition of forces
and facilities on the ground for going over to the attack. In the
initial position, the troops are in a deployed grouping in accordance
with the plan of the commanding general or the commander, for the
forthcoming operation (or battle).

ISKHODNYYE DANNYYE DLYA STREL'BY (PUSKA RAKET) (initial firing [or
missile launch] data) - The data or settings computed for missile
launching purposes, or to permit artillery firing (or adjustment of
fire) on targets or reference points, respectively. Initial firing data
are calculated on the basis of the initial data characterizing the
position of the target (objective) and the missile-launcher or gun
(mortar) in space, as well as firing conditions that differ from those
on which the firing tables are based.
ISKHODNYY RAYON (attack position) - An area of terrain allccated to
troops for occupation by them prior to going over to the attack from a
position of close contact with the enemy. An attack position is prepared
in accordance with the concept of the operation (or 'battle) and the
operational formation (or order of battle) of the attacking troops, and
is organized in the engineering sense so as to conceal their presence,
to facilitate their deployment and transition to the attack, and to
protect them from all the weapons at the enemy's disposal.

ISKHODNYY RUBEZH (assault line; line of departure) - A prearranged
line from which a unit or formation proceeds to fulfill a combat mission
(a march, an attack, etc.). An assault line or line of departure is
defined by clearly visible landmarks (on the terrain or on a map).

KABRIROVANIYE (pitching) - A maneuver performed by an aircraft when
releasing bombs, and accomplished in the vertical plane with a gain in
altitude along a straight or curved trajectory. The pitching angle is
measured between the longitudinal axis of the aircraft and the
horizontal.

KALENDARNYY PLAN PODGOTOVKI OPERATSII (BOYA) (calendar plan for the
preparation of an operation [battle]) - A staff working document
defining the time limits for completing the basic measures to be taken
in preparing for an operation (battle), the order in which they are to
be accomplished, and the officers responsible for their implementation.
A calendar plan is worked out by the chief of staff, and approved by the
commanding general (or by the commander). A calendar plan is formulated
as a graph or table.

KAMPANIYA VOYENNAYA (historical) (military campaign) - The stage of
a war, in the course of which an interim goal of the war was achieved.
The complex of simultaneous and sequential strategic operations and
other military activities, unified by the overall strategic concept of
the Supreme High Command, and conducted on a strategic front or theater
of operations.

CAL SVYAZI (communication channel) - The aggregate of technical
facilities permitting conduct of conversations, exchange of signals, and
realization of  telegraphic,  photo-telegraphic,  and  television
transmissions. In unilateral communication, when the transmission of
signals takes place in one direction, a communication channel consists
of a transmitter, a communication line, and a receiver. In bilateral
communication, each of the correspondents may transmit and receive
signals. In this case, transmitting and receiving equipment is
established at both ends of the line. Sometimes the term communication
channel is understood to mean a band of the spectrum sufficient for
establishing communication.

KANONERSKAYA LODKA (MORSKAYA I RECHNAYA) (gunboat [seagoing and
river]) - A surface warship with artillery armament, used to destroy
enemy coastal objectives and to suppress enemy fire power. Having a
relatively limited displacement, shallow draft, powerful artillery, and
limited armor, a gunboat may conduct combat operations in coastal
regions, predominantly in shallow water, and in areas which are
restricted from the navigational viewpoint, i.e., in skerries, lakes,
and rivers.

KAPITAL'NYY (ZAVODSKOY) REMONT (capital [plant] repair) -One of the
types of maintenance for combat materiel, done both in a country's
industrial plants and in theaters of operations, and consisting of
repairing or replacing worn or damaged assemblies, sub-assemblies, and
components, followed by adjusting and testing of the machine in running
condition. Capital (plant) repair may be combined with the modernization
of combat materiel, accessories and equipment.

KAPITULYATSIYA (surrender) - Cessation of hostilities and surrender of
a defeated party to the enemy on the conditions dictated by the latter.
Unconditional surrender means surrender of the defeated belligerent
party without any conditions or reservations whatever.

KARAUL'NAYA SLUZHBA (guard duty) - Special troop duty for the security
and defense of military property, combat materiel, and other military
objects, and also for the custody of personnel under detention. The
organization of, and the procedure for performing, guard duty in the
Soviet Armed Forces are laid down in the Regulation Governing Garrison
and Guard Duty in the Armed Forces of the USSR.

KARTA LEDOVOY OBSTANOVKI (chart of ice conditions) - A sea, lake,
or river chart with ice conditions marked in conventional symbols. A
chart of ice conditions facilitates the compilation of ice forecasts,
and is an indispensable document for organizing and planning combat
operations in freezing regions of a maritime theater.

KARTA RADIATSIONNOY OBSTANOVKI (map of radiation conditions) - A
topographic map on which are represented: nuclear strikes (one's own and
the enemy's), with an indication of yield, type, and time of burst; wind
speed and direction at various heights, and meteorological data for the
layer of air at ground level; the forecast zones of radioactive
contamination for the time of the complete decay of the radioactive
substances; and also the boundaries of the zones of radioactive
contamination with the radiation levels established by reconnaissance
at a particular time.

KARTA RADIOLOKATSIONNOY KONTRASTNOSTI MESTNOSTI (map of the radar
contrast of the terrain) - A topographic map on which the features that
exhibit contrast as far as radar is concerned are singled out. The map
is used in aviation to facilitate orientation on the basis of the image
of the terrain on the screen of the aircraft's panoramic radar (or
bombsight).

KATAPUL'TIROVANIYE (catapulting) - (1) Ejecting a member of the crew
from an aircraft (or other airborne vehicle); (2) launching an aircraft
from the deck of a ship by the assisted take-off method; (3) ejecting
any object whatever with the aid of a catapult.

KATASTROFA (disaster; catastrophe) - A serious accident in a
warship, combat vehicle, or aircraft, involving loss of life, and
rendering the warship, combat vehicle, or aircraft unserviceable for an
extended period or permanently.

KATER (cutter) - (1) A small warship of less than 100 tons
displacement, but sometimes more, intended to fulfil combat missions.
Depending on its armament, it may be a missile boat, torpedo boat, or
minesweeping boat. A missile boat is armed with cruise missiles, air
defense machine guns and submachine guns. It is used to destroy surface
warships and transport vessels and other floating and coastal objects.
A torpedo boat is used to make torpedo attacks on surface warships,
transports, and other floating objects. A minesweeping boat is intended
to sweep mines in shallow regions of the sea, or in the area of a base
or port; it is of small displacement, has limited speed, and is equipped
with boattype sweeps. (2) A small self-propelled vessel displacing up
to 40-50 tons. Such craft are subdivided into the ship (or vessel)
category and the special-purpose category (sea, river, port, base,
harbor, tug, etc.).

KVANTO-MEKHANICHESKIY GENERATOR (quantum-mechanical generator) - An
instrument emitting electromagnetic waves which are close to one another
in both frequency and phase. According to the range of the emitted
waves, quantum-mechanical generators are subdivided into the optical and
radio categories, called "lasers and masers, respectively. The optical
category includes the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum.
Quantum-mechanical generators are being developed in order to create
improved systems of communication, location, and navigation, as well as
for military purposes.

KIL'VATERNAYA KOLONNA (formation in trail) - A group of warships
proceeding in a formation in which each following ship is in the wake
of the preceding ship.

KLASS KORABLEY (class of ships) - A homogeneous group of warships
which meet certain special requirements with regard  to  their
construction, sea-keeping qualities, and armament, and are therefore
eligible for identical combat missions. A ship class is subdivided into
subclasses according to displacement, armament, armo pisposition of
armament and mechanisms, and other characteristics. Sub-classes, in
turn, are subdivided into types, which differ in constructional details
and technical equipment, reflecting development of naval technology and
a change in the methods of combat utilization of the given class of
ships.

KLASSIFIKATSIYA KART (classification of maps) - Subdivision of maps by
content, purpose, or scale. The entire diversity of cartographic
depictions is subdivided into two basic types: geographical (or general-
geographic) maps, and special maps. On general-geographic maps, all
elements of the terrain are depicted, whereas on special maps, depiction
of the terrain serves only as a background for exhibition of the special
details which constitute the essence of their content. According to
their scale, general-geographic maps are subdivided into topographic
(1:1,000,000 and larger) and synoptic (of smaller  scale  than
1:1,000,000). Topographic maps of scales I: 10,000, 1:25,000 and
1:50,000 are called largescale maps; those of 1:100,000 and 1:200,000
are called medium-scale maps; and those of 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000 are
called small-scale topographic, or synoptic-topographic, maps.

KLASSIFIKATSIYA KORABLEY (warship classification) - Assignment of
warships to classes*, sub-classes, and types, according to their role
or tactical use. Note: Soviet and Western notions as to what
constitutes a class of ship are at considerable variance. In the West,
ships of a class are built to the same drawings and specifications,
often by the same builder. In Western parlance, two such ships are
"sister ships," and they are, at least in principle, identical twins.

KLIRENS (PROSVET) (ground clearance) - The distance from the lowest
points of a tank hull or motor vehicle assembly to the ground or
horizontal road surface. The amount of ground clearance determines the
performance of tanks and automobiles on roads with deep ruts, and on
terrain with soft surfaces (snow, swamp, or deep mud), stumps and
similar obstacles.

KOALITSIYA VOYENNAYA (VOYENNO-POLITICHESKAYA) (military coalition
[military°political coalition]) - A union, military alliance, of two or
several states for the purpose of joint action against any other state
or group of states. The term "military coalition" was useS for the first
time in 1792 to denote the alliance between Austria and Prussia against
revolutionary France. There were military coalitions in the (last) two
world wars. Under presentday conditions, when the fundamental and
decisive contradiction in the development of society is manifested in
the existence of two diametrically-opposed social systems, namely
socialism and capitalism, two basic military-political coalitions have
formed: the countries of the imperialist camp, united in a number of
aggressive blocks, the main one of which is NATO, and the countries of
the socialist camp.  united in Europe by the Warsaw pact and in the East, by treaties
of friendship and mutual aid.

KODIROVANIYE (encoding) - Replacement of the usual verbal text by
a conventional notation, in the form of words, separate letters,
numbers, symbols, and terms, for the transmission of secret information
by technological means of communication. Coding is done with the aid of
previously-prepared tables (codes).

KOZHNO-NARYVNYYE OTRAVLYAYUSHCHIYE VESHCHESTVA (vesicants) - Toxic
agents which attack the skin, eyes, respiratory organs, and digestive
organs. They include yperite (mustard gas) and lewisite.

KOLLEKTIVNYYE SREDSTVA ZASHCHITY (collective means of protection) -
Structures used to protect personnel against the lethal and injurious
effects of nuclear bursts and radioactive substances, toxic and
bacterial agents, as well as against incendiary and other conventional
weapons.

KOLONNYY PUT' (cross-country route) - A route for the movement of
units and formations where there are no roads. A cross-country route is
selected on the ground, and is prepared by engineering. The engineer
work involved in such preparation includes: reconnaissance  and
elimination of obstacles; clearing or strengthening the part suitable
for vehicles in difficult sectors; organizing drainage; making crossings
over creeks; and eliminating other obstacles.

KOMANDIRSKAYA PODGOTOVKA (commander training) - A system of measures
for operational, combat, Marxist-Leninist, and special training of
officers, generals and marshals of the Armed Forces.

KOMANDNAYA SVYAZ' V PVO (command communication in air defense) -
Communications organized between superior and subordinate commanders and
staffs of air defense troops, permitting direction of subordinate troops
by means of direct communications, transmission to them of combat
orders, instructions, and commands, and also receipt of their reports.

KOMANDNAYA SISTEMA NAVEDENIYA RAKET (missile command guidance
system) - A system of missile guidance in which the guidance apparatus
is located both in ground installations and on board the missile. With
the aid of the ground apparatus, control commands are prepared and then
transmitted for execution on board the missile.

KOMANDNO-NABLYUDATEL'NYY PUNKT (KNP) (commandand-observation post) -
A subunit control post from which the subunit receives direction in
combat. A command-and-observation post is accommodated in an armored
personnel carrier (or tank), and during combat operations it is a part
of the combat formation of the subunit, located in a place from where
it may best observe the enemy, the operations of its own and
neighboring subunits, and where it may exercise continuous control.

KOMANDNOSHTABNOYE UCHENIYE (command-and-staff training exercise) -
One of the main methods of training commanding officers and staffs.
Command-and-staff training exercises are conducted for the purpose of
improving coordination at the command level, and inculcating mastery of
the theory and practice of the organization and conduct of various types
of operations and combat activities under the complex conditions of the
situation. Command-and-staff training exercises are conducted on maps and
in the field. Each participant fulfils the functional responsibilities
of the position occupied. Exercises in the field are usually conducted
with communications facilities, but in individual cases,  troop
involvement is arranged. According to their scale, command-and-staff
training exercises may be strategic, operational, or  tactical;
organizationally, may be unilateral or bilateral, one-level, two-level,
or three-level they exercises.

KOMANDNYY PUNKT (KP) (command post) - The main post for the control of
troops in units, formations, and major field forces, from which constant
direction of the troops is accomplished, as well as various measures
directed toward ensuring successful activities when fulfilling assigned
missions. The site of a command post is decided by the commanding
general (or commanding officer), and is usually at such a distance and
in such a direction from the troops that convenient and continuous
command and control of the troops in the operation (or during combat)
will be assured. In particular cases, the site of a command post will
be decided by the superior command. A command post must be mobile, and
highly maneuverable, thus permitting command and control of the troops
under conditions of rapid and abrupt changes in the situation. Command
posts must be deployed covertly, and dispersed, taking account of all
measures of support.

KOMANDOS (foreign) (comanndos) - Special-purpose detachments of the
armed forces of Great Britain, intended to conduct reconnaissance-
sabotage activities in the enemy rear areas. In the armed forces of
the USA such detachments (or subunits) are called "Rangers."

KOMBINIROVANNAYA PEREVOZKA VOYSK (combined troop movement) - A movement
of troops by various modes of transport, with simultaneous use of all
forms of transport or with sequential transfer of the troops being
transported from one form of transport to another (by railroad, water,
road, and air). The use of one or another method of conveying troops
depends on the road network and that state of the transportation route
system, specific conditions of the combat and operational situation
during the period of conveyance, availability of transport, destination
and number of troops, and the distance they are to be moved.

KOMBINIROVANNOYE MINNOYE ZAGRAZHDENIYE (composite mine obstacle)
A mine obstacle consisting of mines of various types.

KOMBINIROVANNOYE PORAZHENIYE (multiple damage) - Damage caused by
the action of several effects of a nuclear burst.

KOMBINIROVANNYYE RADIOPOMEKHI  (combined  radio  jamming)  -
Simultaneous and coordinated use of active and passive jamming of
various types. The use of combined radio jamming leads to more efficient
suppression of the operation of enemy radio-technical facilities.

KOMENDANTSKAYA SLUZHBA (commandant's service) - The aggregate of
measures organized by staffs at all levels for the purpose of
maintaining general order in areas where troops are disposed or
deployed, and also regulation of traffic and monitoring the observance
by troops of camouflage measures. The cominandant's service is organized
along troop routes, and in the vicinity of the disposition of troops and
rear units and establishments, at the safe passages through mine-and
explosive barriers and contaminated areas, at water obstacle crossings,
at points where troops are being embarked or disembarked, and under
other conditions of the situation.

KOMITET NACHAL'NIKOV SHTABOV (foreign) (Joint Chiefs of Staff) -
A consultative and executive body of the President and Secretary of
Defense of the USA, consisting of a chairman and members, namely, the
Chiefs of Staff of the services (Army, Air Force, and Navy), bearing
responsibility for the overall control of the formation and strategic
use of the armed forces, and also for the formulation of strategic war
plans, overall planning of war production and utilization of strategic
raw material in accordance with the general strategic line. During
wartime, the Chiefs of Staff committee virtually heads the top
leadership of the armed forces in a theater of operations. At the
present time, Great Britain has such a committee.

KOMMUTATSIYA (v tekhnike svyazi) (commutation [in communications
technology]) - A system of connections for line radio, microwave, and
wave communication channels, apparatuses and instruments accomplished
at communications centers.

KOMPLEKSNAYA AVTOMATIZlROVANNAYA SISTEMA UPRAVLENIYA VOYSKAMI
(complex automated system of troop command and control) - A complex of
computers, communication facilities, mechanization and automation
devices, and equipping of the places of duty at specific command and
staff levels, the entire complex being intended to permit command and
control of troops and naval forces. A complex automated system of troop
command and control ensures observance of the following  basic
principles: the combination, within reasonable limits, of the creative
mental work of command personnel with the operation of diverse
technological equipment; combination of automated and mechanized troop
control with the control of combat facilities and weapons; the inclusion
of all organs of troop command and control from top to bottom and in all
Services; and inclusion of all basic work processes of commands and
staffs with regard to command and control of troops.

KOMPLEKSNAYA SlSTEMA SAMOLETOVOZHDENIYA I BOMBOMETANIYA (composite
aircraft navigation and bombing system) - A system based on the use of
ground and airborne radio technical facilities, intended for accurate
determination of the aircraft's position in flight within the range of
the system, precise approach to the target or destination point, and
also for aimed bombing with an approach to the target from any direction
in the absence of visual contact.

KOMPLEKSNOYE ISPOL'ZOVANIYE VSEKH VIDOV TRANSPORTA (combined use of
all types of transport) - Coordinated organization and operation of all
available forms of transport, with respect to both time and place,
accomplished according to a unified plan, and under a single leadership,
for the purpose of timely and uninterrupted fulfilment of the entire
volume of consignments, and the most rational  utilization  of
communication routes and transportation facilities.

KOMPLEKSNOYE PRIMENENIYE SREDSTV SVYAZI  (multiple  use  of
communication facilities) - One method of attaining reliability  in
communications, consisting in simultaneous or sequential use, in one
direction, of several communication facilities (radio, mcrowave, wire,
and mobile means).

KOMPLEKT TYLOVYKH CHASTEY I UCHREZHENIY (authorized table of rear units
and establishments) The number of rear units and establishments for
each type of support, authorized for peacetime and wartime, in major
field forces, formations, and military units.

KOMPLEKTOVANIYE VOORUZHENNYKH SIL (manning of armed forces to
prescribed strength) - Meeting the armed forces' requirements for
personnel and materiel in accordance with the authorized tables for
peacetime and wartime. Buildup of armed forces to prescribed strength of
personnel is accomplished, in peacetime, by drafting citizens for
active service when they become of eligible age, and in wartime, by
mobilizing registered reserve personnel. In manning the armed forces
to prescribed strength, a territorial system, and an extra-territorial,
or mixed, system, are used. Making up short-falls in materiel is
accomplished by centralized distribution and supply by the appropriate
agencies of the Ministry of Defense, and in event of mobilization, by
deliveries from the national economy as well.

KOMPONENT TOPLIVA RAKET (component of rocket fuel) - A component
part of the fuel used in liquid-propellant rocket engines. The fuel
consists of two components: propellant and oxidant.

KOMSOMOL'SKIYE ORGANIZATSII V SOVETSKOY ARMII I VOYENNO-MORSKOM FLOTE
(Komsomol organizations in the Soviet Army and Navy) - Komsomol
organizations, uniting members of the All-Union Leninist League of
Communist Youth in units, installations, in military educational
institutions, and in establishments; they are active helpers of the
organizations of the Communist Party of -the Soviet Union by putting
into practice the policies of the Communist Party and the Armed Forces
for strengthening their military power. The Komsomol organizations in
the Soviet army and navy unite young servicemen around the Communist
Party and teach them loyalty to Marxism-Leninism, valor, and heroism,
selfless devotion to the socialist Motherland, and constant readiness
to defend her. They motivate youth to master combat materiel and
weaponry, and to successfully complete the tasks of combat and political
training, as well as to observe without deviation the requirements of
military discipline and the principles of the moral code of a builder
of communism.

KONVOY (MORSKOY) (convoy [sea]) - A group of merchant-type ships
organized for joint passage by sea escorted by warships and aircraft.
The number of merchant°type ships and the numerical strength of the
escort force in a convoy may vary according to the nature and value of
the cargo, the degree of threat of enemy attack, and other factors.

KONTAKTNOYE TRALENIYE (contact minesweeping) - Mine sweeping with the
use of towed and cutting sweeps, intended for sweeping anchored mines.
Also used in contact minesweeping are net sweeps for picking up floating
mines or mines at a given depth.

KONTAKTNYY VZRYV (contact detonation) - An explosion set off when the
fuze comes into contact with the surface of the earth (or water).

KONTAKTNYY VZRYVATEL' (contact fuze) - A device (mechanism) for
setting off a projectile or any other weapon containing an explosive
charge (mine, torpedo, bomb, missile, etc.), either when it hits the
target directly, or when the object to be demolished acts on the charge.
A contact fuze may be a percussion fuze, a nose fuze, a bottom or side
fuze, and may be in the mechanical, powder, or chemical category.

KONTRATAKA (counterattack) - An attack undertaken by defending troops
against an attacking enemy for the purpose of putting him to rout (or
destroying him) and achieving complete or partial restoration of the
position lost by the defending troops. A counterattack is usually
mounted by the second echelons and reserves of units and formations, and
also by part of the forces of the first echelon from sectors not under
attack.

KONTRMANEVR (countermaneuver) - A maneuver undertaken by troops for
the purpose of counteracting an actual or expected maneuver by the
enemy. The excellent maneuvering capability of contemporarily organized
and equipped troops increases the  importance  of  the  active
countermaneuver for disrupting enemy intentions and achieving success
in operations. A most important condition for the success of a
countermaneuver is forestalling of the enemy, primarily in the use of
nuclear weapons, in maneuvers with aviation and ground troops, and in
dropping (or landing) airborne assault forces.

KONTRNASTUPLENIYE (historical) (counteroffensive) - Transition from
the defensive to a determined offensive for the purpose of putting to
rout an attacking enemy who has been weakened in preceding battles and
thus deprived of the capability of developing his attack further. A
counteroffensive was prepared during defensive engagements when the
defender, having exhausted the attacking enemy grouping by attrition to
the maximum possible extent, was at the same time able to concentrate
sufficient forces for a transition to determined offensive actions.
Depending on the situation, a counteroffensive was mounted on a
strategic or operational scale.

KONTROL' RADIOAKTIVNOGO OBLUCHENIYA LICHNOGO SOSTAVA (personnel
radiation screening) - The aggregate of organizational and technical
measures taken in military units for the purpose of assessing the degree
to which personnel have been affected by radiation.

KONTROL' STEPENI ZARAZHENNOSTI RADIOAKTNNYMI VESHCHESTVAMI LICHNOGO
SOSTAVA, VOORUZlIENIYA I BOYEVOY TEKHNIKI (monitoring radioactive
contamination of personnel, armament, and combat materiel) - Measures
taken in military units for the purpose of determining the need for
sanitary processing of personnel and special treatment of armament and
combat materiel.

KONTROL'NOYE TRALENIYE (verification minesweeping) - Minesweeping
repeated for the purpose of verifying the results of previously
conducted minesweeping.

KONTROL'NO-IZMERITEL'NAYA  MAGNITNAYA  STANTSIYA  (KIMS)
(control-and-measurement magnetic station) - A stationary or mobile
special station (or the aggregate of measuring instruments and
mechanisms) intended to take readings of the magnetic field of a ship
(or vessel).

KONTROL'NO-ISPYTATEL'NAYA PEREDVIZHNAYA STANTSIYA (KIPS) (mobile air
defense testing and control station) - A set of simulating and measuring
apparatus intended for complex and autonomous checking of air defense
guided missiles, aircraft, etc.

KONTROL'NYY POLET (check flight) - A flight for the purpose of
checking the air crew's piloting and navigational competence, the
performance of the aircraft and its ancillary equipment, and their use
for combat purposes. Under combat conditions, a check flight is a flight
for the purpose of verifying fulfilment of a combat mission.

KONTRPODGOTOVKA (counterpreparation) - A pre-planned, brief,
powerful, surprise burst of fire delivered by a defender against enemy
groupings which are preparing for an offensive and, in particular,
against enemy missile launching positions, radio-technical facilities,
fuel and ammunition dumps.

KONTRUDAR (counterblow) - A blow inflicted by troops for the purpose
of destroying an attacking enemy, restoring a lost position, and
creating conditions for going over to the attack. A counterblow is the
most important act of defensive engagement, expressing the active and
mobile character of present-day defense. During a defensive engagement,
several consecutive counterblows may be delivered in one or more
sectors.

KONTSENTRATSIYA OTRAVLYAYUSHCHIKH VESHCHESTV  (toxic  agent
concentration) - The quantity of a toxic agent per unit volume of
contaminated air. It is usually expressed in milligrams of toxic agent
per liter of air (mg/l). A toxic agent concentration capable of
producing casualties is called a combat concentration.

KOORDlNATY TSELI (OB'YEKTA) (coordinates of a target [objective]) -
The numerical values (magnitudes) determining the position of a target
(objective) on the horizontal plane (or in space) relative to the
reference axis (or point) taken as the origin of the coordinate system.

KOORDINATY EPITSENTRA YADERNOGO VZRYVA (coordinates of ground zero
of a nuclear burst) - The numerical values determining the position of
the projection of the point of a nuclear burst on the horizontal plane
relative to the reference point taken as the origin of the coordinate
system.

KOORDINATSIYA VOYENNYXH USILIY KOALITSII (coordination of the war
efforts of a coalition) - The coordination of the efforts of the various
states constituting a given military coalition for the purpose of
mobilization and the most rational utilization of the common economic
and human resources necessary for successful waging of a coalitional
war.

KOORDINATSIYA DEYSTVIY (coordination of operations) - Cordination of
the military (strategic, operational-tactical) efforts of major field
forces (or formations) of the various Services for the most effective
resolution of common strategic (or operational) missions of an operation
in a theater of hostilities.

KORABEL'NAYA ARTILLERIYA (naval guns) - One of the types of armament
fitted to surface warships and certain auxiliary vessels. According to
its purpose, naval guns are subdivided into main armament, which fulfils
the basic missions of the warship, and secondary armament, universal or
high-angle. As regards caliber, naval guns are subdivided into large
caliber (230-400 mm), medium-caliber (l00-l80 mm), and small-caliber
(20-85 mm).

KORABEL'NAYA POISKOVO-UDARNAYA GRUPPA (KPUG) (ASW group) - An
antisubmarine warfare group is used to search out and destroy enemy
submarines. Such a group may include special antI-submarine vessels, and
ships having an antisubmarine armament. A war-ship antisubmarine warfare
group is capable of fulfilling the missions  assigned  to  it
independently, or in coordination with aviation anti-submarine warfare
groups.

KORABEL'NAYA RAZVEDKA (shipboard reconnaissance) - A type of naval
reconnaissance. It is conducted by submarines and surface ships.

KORABEL'NAYA UDARNAYA GRUPPA (KUG) (surface strike group) - A grouping,
namely a combat force of warships, intended to fulfil a particular
mission in a battle (delivering a blow). Such a grouping is created from
ships of one type, or of different types armed with identical weapons,
e.g., a torpedo strike group made up of torpedo boats and destroyers.
Each surface strike group usually consists of several attack groups and
special-purpose groups.

KORABEL'NYY POST UPRAVLENIYA I NAVEDENIYA ISTREBITEL'NOY AVIATSII
(KPUNIA) (shipboard station for fighter control and direction) - A
control room organized in a ship (or ships) for the purpose of
directing fighters to a tactically advantageous position relative to
the air enemy at a distance of radar or visual contact. The direction
of fighter aviation is accomplished with the aid of automated systems,
radar systems, and radio stations.

KORABLEVOZHDENIYE (navigation) - The applied science which studies and
finds practical solutions to all problems associated with the safe
sailing and maneuvering of a ship. Navigation includes a number of
disciplines navigation in the narrower sense of position-fixing radio
navigation, pilotage, mariners' astronomy, the theory of compass
deviation, tactical maneuvering the technical means of navigation,
hydrography, hydrometeorology, oceanography and the rules for sailing
inland waterways. Navtgation must also include the "Rules for the
Prevention of Collisions of Ships at Sea."

KORABL' NA PODVODNYKH KRYL'YAKH (hydrofoil craft) - A ship having a
mechanism in the underwater part of its hull to reduce considerably the
water resistance associated with its motion. When under way, the
underwater wings (planes), which are positioned at a certain angle to
the horizontal, lift the greater part of the ship's hull above the
surface of the water, greatly increasing the speed of the ship without
increasing the amount of power developed by the propulsion machinery.

KORABL' PROTIVOVOZDUSHNOY OBORONY (air defense ship) - A combatant
surface warship having as its main armament air defense systems
(anti-aircraft guided  missiles,  high-angle  artillery,  guidance
instruments, and radio-technical facilities for detecting targets and
controlling the flight of missiles). An air defense ship is intended to
destroy air targets.

KORABL' PROTIVOLODOCHNOY OBORONY (anti-submarine warfare ship) - A
warship used to detect and destroy enemy submarines. It has, in its
armament, the means of destroying submarines (torpedoes, depth charges),
and means of search (sonar, radio-technical facilities, etc.). In
addition, it has air defense weapons and equipment, and possesses good
maneuvering characteristics.

KORABL' RADIOLOKATSIONNOGO DOZORA (radar picket ship) - A warship
equipped with radar stations, and intended for long-range detection of
air and surface targets. Radar picket ships are used in convoys, and in
the system of coastal anti-aircraft and anti-landing defense.

KORABL'-RAKETONOSETS (RAKETNYY KORABL') (missile ship) - A warship
with launchers for ballistic (or cruise) missiles and for air defense
guided missiles. It carries defensive weapons, and is very fast. A
missile ship is used to destroy surface warships, transport vessels, and
enemy coastal targets.

KORABL' SVYAZI (communications ship) - A warship especially equipped
with communications facilities, and intended to ensure control on
occasions of mobile (dispersed) basing of naval forces.

KORPUSNAYA ARTILLERIYSKAYA GRUPPA (KAG) (corps artillery group) -
Artillery which is at the immediate disposal of the corps commander,
which is so assigned for the duration of a battle in order to fulfil
missions on behalf of the corps, and which is united under common
control.

KORPUSNAYA ARTILLERIYA (corps artillery) - Artillery which is an
organizational component of a corps, and which is subordinated directly
to the corps commander.

KORPUSNOY RAYON BOYEVYKH DEYSTVIY (ISTREBITEL'NOY AVIATSII) (corps
region of combat operations [of fighter aviation]) - The air space and
territory within whose limits a fighter corps (IAK) destroys air
targets, In the case of frontal fighter aviation, one part of the corps
region of combat operations is disposed above its own territory, whereas
the other extends toward the enemy as far as the effective range of air
target detection facilities. In the case of national air defense fighter
aviation, a corps region of combat operations is designated only above
its own territory.

KORPUS PVO (air defense corps) - An operational-tactical formation
of national air defense forces. It may be a component of a strategic
formation, or it may act independently. An air defense corps includes
units and formations of air defense arms, as well as support units.

KORREKTIROVOCHNO RAZVEDYVATEL'NAYA  AVIATSIYA  (spotting  and
reconnaissance aviation) - A component part of reconnaissance aviation,
intended to conduct aerial reconnaissance and to adjust the fire of
missile troops and artillery. The reconnaissance is accomplished by
photography and by observation from fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft,
with the aid of photographic- optical, television and radio-technical
apparatus.

KOSVEHNOYE PORAZHENIYE PRI VZRYVE (indirect effects associated with an
explosion) - Injury to personnel and damage to materiel caused by debris
from buildings and structures, by fragments of trees, by stones, and by
fires. The indirect effects associated with a nuclear explosion will be
considerably greater than in the case of conventional weapons.

KOSMICHESKAYA (VOZDUSHNO-KOSMICHESKAYA) DOKTRINA (foreign) (space
[aerospace] doctrine) - A doctrine envisaging active hostilities in
space, and regarding mastery of space as an important prerequisite for
achieving victory in war.

KOSMICHESKAYA NAVIGATSIYA (space navigation) - The science of
navigating space vehicles in interplanetary space.

KOSMICHESKIYE SREDSTVA BOR'BY (military space systems) - Systems
used for military purposes in space, namely, to carry nuclear
weapons, to conduct reconnaissance, to organize radio-countermeasures,
to effect communication and control, and to destroy space vehicles.
Military space systems will include various types of artificial earth
satellites and space ships, such as missile-armed satellite bombers,
manned space bombers, etc.

KOSMICHESKIY LETATEL'NYY APPARAT (spacecraft) - A flight vehicle
intended for space flight. A spacecraft may be piloted by a person (by
an astronaut) or it may be unmanned.

KOSMODROM (spaceport) - An area equipped with engineer structures for
storage, assembly, preparation testing, and launching of carrier-rockets
for spacecraft (or devices), and control of their flight.

KOSMONAVT (astronaut; cosmonaut) - A person who has undergone special
selection and a special training program for space flights.

KOCHUYUSHCHAYA RADIOLOKATSIONNAYA STANTSIYA (roving radar) - A radar
station which changes position periodically. A roving radar is used for
concealing the radar system of a strategic formation of national or
front air defense forces from enemy radio-technical reconnaissance.

KOCHUYUSHCHIYE ORUDIYA (BATAREI) I TANKI (roving guns [or batteries]
and tanks) Guns (or batteries) and tanks attached to defending troops
to fire from various preselected firing positions for the purpose of
misleading the enemy concerning the amount and location of artillery
in the defense.

KOEFFITSIENT ISPOL'ZOVANIYA AVTOPARKA (utilization coefficient of
a motor vehicle pool) - A statistical index defining the degree of
actual and feasible utilization of the motor vehicles in a pool.

KOEPFITSIENT OPERATIVNOGO ISPOL'ZOVANIYA SIL (force operational
utilization factor) - The ratio of the number of forces and facilities
which may be used simultaneously in an operation during a planned period
of time to the total number of forces and facilities.

KOEFFITSIENT OSLABLENIYA RADIOAKTIVNYKH IZLUCHENIY (radiation-hazard
attenuation factor) - A coefficient indicating by what factor the
radiation dose (or level) in a structure or vehicle is less than that
on the terrain.

KOEFFITSIENT  PODAVLENIYA  RADIOPOMEKHAMI  (radio-interference
suppression factor) - The ratio of the minimum power of the interference
to the power of the useful signal at the input to the radio-receiver, at
which it becomes impossible to utilize the useful signal in the terminal
device. The value of the radio-interference suppression factor differs
for different types of radio-transmission.

KREYSER (cruiser) - A surface warship used to destroy enemy warships
and merchant vessels at sea, to neutralize firepower and other targets
on shore, and to protect and support friendly forces operating at sea.
A cruiser has artillery armament of heavy and medium caliber, is
protected by vertical and horizontal armor, and possesses great speed
and cruising range. It may carry launchers for cruise missiles and
ballistic missiles.

KREYSERSKAYA VOYNA (historical) (cruiser warfare) - A term which
designated a method of using naval forces in hostilities at sea. It
consisted in the operations of individual cruisers (or small groups of
them) in particular regions of - a maritime theater for the purpose of
searching out and destroying enemy transports and warships. Cruiser
warfare was used in past wars to disrupt enemy sea communications.

KREYSERSKAYA SKOROST' (cruising speed) - The most advantageous speed
of a ship or aircraft that can be attained with the least expenditure
of fuel, in environment ensuring full combat readiness of all facilities
during the entire period of fulfilment of a combat mission. Cruising
speed varies from 60% to 80% of full speed, depending on the type of
ship or aircraft.

KRIZIS OPERATSII (BOYA) (operational [or battle] crisis) - A turning
point in the course of an operation or battle.

KRITERIY EFFEKTIVNOSTI VOYENNYKH DEYSTVIY ILI ORUZHIYA (criterion for
the effectiveness of military operations or weapons) - A quantitative
index permitting a judgement to be made concerning the appropriateness
of a given operation to its goal, or concerning -the suitability of a
particular weapon for the fulfillment of particular military missions.
Using the above-defined criterion, it is possible to compare different
variants for the conduct of forthcoming combat operations, and to
determine the optimum variant.

KRITICHESKAYA MASSA (critical mass) - The least quantity
of fissionable material with which a self-developing nuclear-fission
chain reaction is possible under given conditions. The value of the
critical mass depends on the kind of fissionable material, its shape,
density, and purity, on the presence, or otherwise, of a neutron
reflector, and on the type of such a reflector.

KRITICHESKAYA SKOROST' (critical velocity) - The lowest velocity of the
flight of an aircraft, at which, at any point whatever on its surface,
the velocity of the air flow reaches the velocity of sound. Starting at
this velocity, additional wave resistance and changes in the stability
and controllability of the aircraft occur.

KRITICHESKOYE CHISLO M (Mkr) (critical Mach number [Mer]) - The ratio
of the critical velocity to the velocity of sound at a given altitude.

KROSS UZLA SVYAZI (main distribution frame of a communications
center) - An installation intended for  switching,  measuring,  and
distributing a power supply to circuits, conductors, and channels of
line communications, radio and microwave communications. The main
distribution frame of a communications center is equipped with line
switching and measuring apparatus. The switch of a main distribution
frame includes wire-communication lines, and connecting lines from a
telegraph  station,  a  long-distance  telephone  station,  an
electric-power-supply station, radio groups, and groups of microwave
stations.

KRYLATAYA RAKETA (SAMOLET-SNARYAD) (cruise missile) - An unmanned
airborne vehicle which has lifting planes (wings), and which is guided
throughout its entire flight trajectory. As a rule, such a missile has
a nuclear charge, a jet engine, and guidance instrumentation. It may be
launched from the ground, from aircraft, from surface warships, or
from submarines (on the surface).

LAKRIMATORY (SLEZOTOCHIVYYE 0V) (lacrimators [tear gases]) - Irritants
causing irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, and lacrimation.
They were used as toxic agents in World War I. At the present time they
find application as simulated toxic agents for combat training purposes.
In a number of capitalist countries they are used to control
demonstrators ("police" gases).

LEGENDA (legend) - A brief explanatory note containing information
which cannot be depicted graphically on a map or diagram. A legend may
be given in the form of textural or graphic explanations clarifying the
content of a map (diagram).

LEGKIY KREYSER (light cruiser) - A surface warship used to deliver
strikes against warships and merchant vessels at sea, and coastal
targets, and to cover or escort convoys, assault detachments, etc. A
light cruiser is armed with missiles and low-angle artillery, and has
a strong air defense armament. Some light cruisers also have a torpedo
armament. A light cruiser is very fast (up to 40 knots) and has a large
cruising range. It has light armor over the most vital parts of the
ship.

LEDOVAYA ZASHCHITA (anti-ice protection) - Special measures,
equipment, and adaptations for the protection of warships, merchant
vessels, and man-made hydrotechnical structures from possible damage by
ice. Anti-ice protection may consist of arrangements for strengthening
the structural elements of a ship (an ice belt, adaptors for protecting
rudders, propellers, Kingston valves, etc.), special works (ice-aprons,
protective walls), or measures adopted to free vessels from ice, hinder
its formation, etc.

LEDOVAYA OBSTANOVKA (ice condtion) - The state of the ice cover on
seas, lakes, and other expanses of water.

LEDOVAYA RAZVEDKA (ice reconnaissance) - Measures taken for the
purpose of ascertaining the ice situation and the passability of the ice
cover for ships, troops, and other combat materiel; establishing the
extent of ice cover and the presence of open water in it; determining
the possibility of using the ice for landing strips or airfields, river
crossings, engineering obstacles, and for building stations  or
observation posts; and also for the purpose of detecting the enemy's
roads and leads or channels in the ice.

LEDOVYY AERODROM (ice airfield) - An area of ice surface (of an
ocean, sea, or lake) prepared for take-off, landing, parking, and
servicing of aircraft. Depending on climatic conditions, ice airfields
may be seasonal (winter) or year-round. The purpose of an ice airfield
is determined by the thickness and strength of the ice, and by the size
of the main runway. An ice airfield may be used by all types and
branches of aviation for long-term basing, maneuver, and for staging.

LEDOKOL'NOYE OBESPECHENIYE OPERATSII (icebreaker support of an
operation) - A type of special support for a maritime operation being
conducted under ice conditions. It consists in warships and merchant
vessels being led by icebreakers, in forcing leads through the -ice, and
in maintaining these leads in constant readiness for the passage of
ships and vessels.

LETATEL'NYYE APPARATY (airborne platforms) - Vehicles which are used in
air and space. Airborne platforms include aerostatic and aerodynamic
vehicles, ballistic rockets and  missiles, and spacecraft.

LETNAYA PODGOTOVKA (flight training) - The principal form of combat
training for air crew personnel. The organization and implementation of
flight training ensures constant combat readiness of aviation units and
formations, continuous improvement in the state of air crew training,
and perfection of the combat qualities and tactics of the branches of
the air force.

LETNO-TAKTICHESKIYE DANNYYE (aircraft tactical flight data) - The
basic indices characterizing the combat qualities of an aircraft (or
helicopter) of a particular type. Such indices are: speed, range and
duration of flight, altitude of flight (practical ceiling), rate of
climb, length of take-off run, length of landing run, and handling
qualities.

LETNOTAKTICHESKOYE UCHENIYE (tactical flight training) - One of the
forms of combat training of aviation units and formations, involving
actual flights. The purpose of tactical flight training is to work out
or investigate problems pertaining to tactics used by the different
branches of aviation and the effectiveness of new weapons, special
equipment, etc.

LETNYY RESURS (sortie rate) - The number of sorties of a strategic
formation (formation, unit) which may be planned for (or assigned to)
an operation or combat mission, expressed in army sorties, division
sorties, regimental sorties, or individual aircraft sorties.

LETUCHKA (short exercise) - One of the forms of operational and
tactical training for command cadres, namely, independent solution, by
the officers under instruction, of an operational, tactical, or special
problem in a limited time. Short exercises are subdivided into command,
staff, rear services, and special categories, and deal with specific
issues of operational art and tactics. Not more than one or two academic
questions are worked out during a single exercise. For short exercises
in the command-operational category, student officers usually make
decisions on behalf of the officer commanding the troops of a front (or
army), whereas during tactical exercises they do so on behalf of the
commander of a formation (or unit): For short exercises in the staff
category, methods of formulating operational and tactical calculations
and particular combat documents are perfected. For short exercises in
the rear services category, generals and other officers of the rear
services make decisions concerning the rear services support of an
operation (or battle). For short exercises in the special category,
generals and other officers of different service branches become more
proficient in employing their own particular branch in an operation or
battle.

LIKVIDATSIYA POSLEDSTVIY PRIMENENIYA PROTIVNIKOM ORUZHIYA MASSOVOGO
PORAZHENIYA (eliminating the effects of enemy use of weapons of mass
destruction [decontamination]) - The aggregate of measures taken to
clear up the effects of enemy use of nuclear, biological, and chemical
warfare. This is done to restore, in a short period, the disrupted
combat efficiency of friendly troops, and to create conditions
permitting successful completion of the missions assigned to them.

LIMIT RASKHODA (limit of expenditure) - The norms for the
expenditure of materiel of all kinds, established for a definite period
of time, for an operation, or for a battle, in accounting-and-supply
units, or expressed as a weight.

LINEYNOYE PROGRAMMIROVANIYE (linear programming) - A mathematical
method used in operational research. It permits the finding of the most
advantageous (optimum) solution to a number of operational, tactical,
and other problems.

LINEYNYYE KORABLI (ships of the line) - The largest of naval ships
having heavy-caliber guns as their main armament, but which have lost
their former importance due to the advent of nuclear weapons, and the
ascendancy of aviation and the submarine.

LINIYA DOZORA (picket line) - A line of patrol vessels or aircraft,
or coastal observation posts doing picket duty.

LOVUSHKA (decoy for homing weapons [radar, sonar, thermal, and
optical categories]) - A device used to mislead (attract) homing
missiles and projectile guidance stations. It is used to reduce the
probability of damage to ones own missiles, aircraft, and warships.

LOZHNYYE NAVIGATSIONNYYE ORIENTIRY (dummy navigational aids) -
Navigational aids specially placed so as to mislead the enemy. The
dummies used are exact replicas of real navigational aids, but they are
put in the wrong places in order to conceal safe channels through mine
fields, and entrances to bays, bases, roadsteads, etc.

LOZIlNYYE  SOORUZIJENIYE  (POZITSII)  (dummy  structures [positions]) -
Structures intended to simulate troop targets where in fact there are
none. They divert enemy fire and nuclear strikes from real targets.
Dummy structures used by troops include dummy fire trenches,
communications trenches, dugouts, structures and mock-ups of equipment,
bridges, roads, shelters for combat materiel, etc.

LOZHNYY AERODROM (dummy airfield) - An area of terrain simulating
an aviation base. When a dummy airfield is being equipped from the
engineering viewpoint, an unpaved runway is prepared, which permits
take-off and landing of single aircraft, simulating the basing of an
aviation unit or subunit on the dummy airfield. A dummy airfield is
furnished with dummy aircraft and special vehicles, and dummy airfield
works are built on it.

LOZHNYY PERENOS OGNYA (dummy shift of fire) - A shift of fire done
for the purpose of misleading the enemy.

LOZHNYY RADIOLOKATSIONNYY OB"YEKT (dummy radar target) - A dummy target
which creates blips similar to those produced by real objects (bridges,
inhabited points, warships) on the screens of radar stations. Dummy
radar targets are created with the aid of corner reflectors, or low
power active emitters, disposed on land or on a water surface.

LOZHNYY RAYON OBORONY (dummy defense region) - An area of terrain
partially equipped with dummy defensive structures, but not occupied by
troops.

LOZHNYY RAYON SOSREDOTOCHENIYA (dummy concentration area) - An area
in which a build-up of troops is simulated. A dummy concentration area
must resemble an occupied concentration area by exhibiting several
outward signs of occupation by troops. A dummy concentration area is
created for the purpose of misleading the enemy and diverting his
strikes from carefully camouflaged areas that are really occupied by
troop5.

LOKAL'NAYA VOYNA (local war) - A local, small war unleashed by the
ruling circles of imperialist states for the purpose of suppressing a
national-liberation movement, enslaving the peoples of small countries,
or restoring the capitalist system in any socialist country. A local war
is usually waged with limited forces and in a limited area. Under
present-day conditions, any local war may develop into a universal,
nuclear missile war.

LUCHEVAYA BOLEZN' (radiation sickness) - A specific illness caused
by the harmful biological effects of ionizing radiations. The principal
symptoms of radiation sickness are: above-normal temperature, nausea and
gastro-intestinal disorders, lethargy, lack of appetite, bleeding of the
skin and mucous membranes, and loss of hair. The latent (incubation)
period lasts from several hours to several weeks. Depending on the
radiation dose received, radiation sickness may be of the first, second,
or third degree.

LYUDSKIYE REZERVY STRANY (national human resources) - All able-bodied
citizens of the country who can be used in the armed forces, civil
defense, industry, agriculture, or transportation during a war for the
purpose of achieving victory over the enemy.

MAGNITOMETRICHESKAYA RAZVEDKA (magnetometric reconnaissance) -
Detection and identification of objects which are camouflaged or
concealed underground (or under water), using special (magnetometric)
instruments, by determining differences between the magnetic properties
of the objects sought and the surrounding medium.
MAKET MESTNOSTI (terrain model) - A small-scale relief model of a
sector or area of terrain containing all the terrain features that are
depicted on a topographic map. In military practice, terrain models with
the combat situation represented on them are widely used when organizing
combat operations in order to work out problems of troop coordination.

MAKSIMAL'NAYA SKOROST' POLETA (maximum flying speed) -The speed
attained by an aircraft in straight and level flight, using the maximum
thrust (or power) of its engine.

MALAYA AVTOMATIZATSIYA I MEKHANIZATSIYA (semi-automation and
mechanization) - Facilitating or eliminating the manual work of military
administrative personnel by the use of various technical facilities,
e.g., key-responsive adding machines, punched-card or punched-tape
machines, duplicating equipment, special slide rules, nomograms, stamps,
sound-recording apparatus, and other devices and instruments.

MANEVR (maneuver) - A transfer of troops or naval forces, or a
redirection of weapons (redistribution of material and technical
facilities), for the purpose of gaining an advantage over the enemy
under conditions for conducting military operations. As a result of a
maneuver, a favorable grouping of men and equipment is created in a
given sector or theater of operations. According to its scale, a
maneuver may be strategic, operational, or tactical.

MANEVR V RAYONE TSELI (maneuver in the vicinity of the target) - The
organized maneuver of a group of aircraft (or an individual aircraft)
in the air with respect to direction, speed, and/or altitude that would
create more advantageous conditions for the approach to the target, for
precision bombing of it, and for getting through enemy air defense
systems.

MANEVR MATERIAL'NYMI SREDSTVAMI (logistics operation) conveyance (or
transmission) of materiel from one sector of operations to another. A
maneuver with materiel may be effected either along the front, or from
depth.

MANEVR OGNEM (maneuver with fire [power]) - Redirection of weapons
for the simultaneous or consecutive massing (concentration) of their
firepower against important enemy groupings and objectives, or
distribution of firepower for the simultaneous destruction of several
groupings (or objectives).

MANEVR CHASTOTAMI (maneuver with radio frequencies) - The periodic
change of working frequencies of one station or of a group of stations
for the purpose of disorienting enemy radio reconnaissance, avoiding
interference, or obtaining better transmission. When changing frequency,
the station's call sign must also be changed.

MANEVRENNAYA BAZA (maneuvering base) - A naval base created
previously, or in the course of hostilities, and used for maneuvering
and concentration of a given strike grouping of naval forces in the
appropriate operational sector. A maneuvering base may be permanent or
temporary.

MANEVREHNAYA VOYNA (maneuver warfare) - A war in which armed conflict
is conducted with extensive maneuvering by forces and weapons in space,
in the air, on land, and at sea, and in which stable fronts are lacking
for protracted periods.

MANEVRENNYYE ELEMENTY KORABLYA (handling characteristics of a naval
vessel) - Indices Characterizion vessel mobility. In the case of a
surface ship, they include: speed, range, inertia, and turning radius.
In the case of a submarine, the following also apply: how quickly it
can effect the transition from surface movement to submerged movement,
and vice versa how quickly it can dive deeply and surface from depth;
arid its maximum permissible depth. The handling characteristics of a
naval vessel affect its maneuverabitity.

MANEVRENNYY METOD ISPOL'ZOVANIYA PODVODNYKH LODOK (the "maneuver"
method of utilizing submarines) - Under present-day conditions, the
most active and expedient method of utilizing submarines consists in
an organized move, at sea, of a grouping (or group) of submarines and
single submarineS, for the purpose of searching out the enemy and
bringing their armament to bear on him; or, alternatively, for the
purpose of massing submarines in a chosen sector (or region) to deliver
a strike against a given enemy objective (formation, convoy).

MARSH (march) - An organized movement of troops in column by road
and/or cross-country route for the purpose of arriving at a designated
region. A march may be made to the front, from the front to the rear,
or along the front. The distance covered in a day will depend on the
degree of troop effort and the degree to which motor transport is used.
The goal of forthcoming combat operations, and the probability of an
encounter with the enemy enroute are considered when setting up a
marching formation.

MARSNEVAYA SKOROST' (rate of march) - The average speed of advance of
troops participating in a march. It is expressed in kilometers travelled
per hour or per 24-hour day. The rate of march depends on the technical
state of transport facilities, time of day and year, preparedness of the
motor transport operating personnel, physical fitness of the troops,
state of the roads and the weather, as well as on the radiological and
chemical situation in the terrain through which the march is made.

MARSHRUTNAYA AEROS"YEMKA (aerial photography of  the  march
route) - Aerial photography of a strip of terrain, resulting in several
aerial photographs when done during one pass by an aircraft or other
airborne platform. If twin-fanned, triple-fanned or panoramic aerial
cameras are used, then a single pass can produce not one, but two,
three, or four series of overlapping aerial photographs. Accordingly,
simple, duplex, triplex, and quadruplex aerial photography of a route
of march are possible. The photographs may be vertical or oblique.

MARSHRUTNAYA KARTA (route map) - A topographic map with the
itinerary and calculations covering the rate of advance of the troops
marked on it.

MASKA-POMEKHA (interference-type anti-radar screen) - An anti-radar
screen intended to conceal troops and military equipment  from
observation by ground and airborne radar. An interference-type anti
radar screen is composed of corner reflectors, which produce Bickering
luminous blips on the enemy radar screen. Troops disposed near such an
anti-radar screen, or passing by it, do not change the blips produced
by the screen itself, and remain undetected. An interference-type anti-
radar screen may be a linear (roadside) or area type.

MASKA-EKRAN (anti-radar screen) - An anti-radar screen in-tended to
conceal troop movements and the disposition of military equipment from
ground-level radar or visual observation by the enemy, and also from
photography and observation with the aid of night-vision instruments.
An anti-radar screen is improvised from local materials (felled trees,
brushwood and rush mats, etc.), metallic nets, and other materials.
An anti-radar screen is placed between the object to be concealed and
the enemy radar, thus absorbing or scattering its electromagnetic
energy.

MASKIROVKA (camouflage) - A form of support for combat operations,
its purpose being to conceal the activities and disposition of friendly
troops, and to mislead the enemy with regard to the grouping and
intentions of such troops. Camouflage measures are also implemented in
the deep rear, within the framework of civil defense.

MASKIROVOCHNAYA YEMKOST' (camouflage capacity) - The -extent of the
various natural screens (expressed in hectares or square kilometers)
which is to be found in a particular area of the terrain. Knowledge of
camouflage capacity permits evaluation of the area to be occupied 1 from
the screening viewpoint by comparing this index with the natural-cover
requirements of a subunit, unit, or formation.

MASKIROVOCHNYYE SREDSTVA (camouflaging facilities) - Authorized unit
camouflaging equipment, expendable camouflage materiel, and locally
available materials used by troops to implement camouflaging techniques.
Camouflaging facilities include: sets of screens for combat materiel and
motor transport, capes, suits, nets, covers, and various fabrics,
paints, tools and devices, for doing camouflage work, and also locally-
available material, i.e., brushwood, twigs, grass, etc.

MASKIRUYUSHCHIYE SVOYSTVA MESTNOSTI (camouflaging features of the
terrain) - Features of the terrain characterizing the ability of its
relief and local objects to conceal troops and military equipment from
enemy ground, air, and radar observation. In the event of there being
sufficient good natural concealment on the terrain, troops and military
equipment may be concealed completely without artificial camouflage.

MASSIROVANIYE SIL I SREDSTV (massing of forces and weapons) - The
concentration of strikes by all weapons and the main efforts of the
troops (or forces) in a chosen sector (or areas) in accordance with a
situation that has developed.

MASSIROVANNYYE UDARY AVIATSII (massed air strikes) - Simultaneous
actions of the main forces of a strategic air formation against one or
several groups of objectives, disposed in a very extensive area.
Decisive damage may be inflicted upon the enemy in a short period of
time by such massed strikes.

MASSIROVANNYY OGON' ARTILLERII (massed artillery fire)
-Fire from all, or the greater part of, the artillery of a combined-arms
-formation, delivered simultaneously against the most important enemy
grouping or objective for the purpose of inflicting considerable damage
upon the enemy in the shortest possible time.

MASSIROVANNYY YADERNYY UDAR (massed nuclear strike) - A strike made
by a large number of nuclear munitions, delivered simultaneously or in
quick succession. The purpose of a massed nuclear strike is to
annihilate enemy means of nuclear attack that have been -spotted, to
inflict damage on the main enemy troop groupings, and to disorganize the
enemy rear areas, his economy, troop control, and state administration.

MATERIAL'NOYE OBESPECHENIYE (materiel support) - A system of
measures adopted to satisfy the needs of the armed forces for all types
of supplies for daily use and for combat activity.

MATERIAL'NYYE POTREBNOSTI VOORUZHENNYKH SIL (materiel requirements
of the armed forces) - The requirements of all Services for combat,
transport, and auxiliary materiel, control and communication facilities,
ammunition, fuel, means of protection against weapons of  mass
destruction; and in reserve units, provisions, etc. In peacetime, the
materiel requirements of the armed forces are made up of the requirement
for training purposes, activation of new units, creation of reserves for
wartime purposes, and for current issues of food and clothing to the
troops. In wartime, the materiel requirements of the armed forces are
made up of the requirement to activate new units in the course of the
war, to replace combat losses, to cover expenditures associated with the
conduct of combat activities, and to meet the current requirements of
troops (and naval and air force personnel) for food and clothing.

MATERIAL'NYYE SREDSTVA (supplies) - Supplies needed by the armed
forces for daily use and for their combat activity. They include
missiles and missile fuel, munitions of all types, armament, diverse
technical assemblies, provisions, clothing, and engineering, medical,
and other stores.

MEZHKONTINENTAL'NYYE SREDSTVA VOORUZHENNOY BOR'BY (intercontinental
weapons) - Weapons intended for delivering strikes from a given
continent against enemy objectives located on other continents. Such
means include intercontinental and global missiles, missile-carrying
submarines, and long-range (strategic) missile-carrying aviation.

MEZHKONTINENTAL'NYY TEATR VOYENNYKH DEYSTVIY (intercontinental
theater of military operations) - The territory embracing the parts of
two continents which confront one another, and the oceans (or seas)
located between them.

MESTNYYE RADIOPOMEKHI (local radio interference) - Interference with
radio-technical facilities due to nearby sources of electromagnetic
radiations (electric-welding and X-ray equipment, power stations and
substations, electric motors, the ignition systems of internal-combustion
engines, various radio-technical facilities, etc.).

MESTNYYE SREDSTVA (local resources) - Raw materials, industrial
and power generation capacity, provisions, forage, fuel, communication
and transport facilities, and other material assets which troops (or
other armed forces) find in their immediate vicinity, and which may be
used to satisfy their needs. Local resources also include industrial,
transportation, and therapeutic establishments which may be utilized for
the benefit of friendly troops.

METEORNAYA RADIOSVYAZ' (meteoric radio communication) - Communication
on ultra-short waves, which makes use of the forward scatter of metric
waves due to their reflection from meteoric trails which occur when
meteoric bodies enter the atmosphere. In contrast to  ordinary
communication systems, meteoric systems use  the  principle  of
intermittent (discrete) transmission of messages.  Messages  are
transmitted rapidly, only when useful meteoric trails exist on the path
of radio waves. In their absence, the equipment operates on a "stand
by" system, continuing to process received information (messages). This
method of transmission is affected by the intermittent nature of the
meteoric ionization of the atmosphere. Meteoric radio communication may
be used on links with a large message volume, where some delay in
transmission of messages is not of importance.

METEOROLOGICHESKlYE USLOVIYA (meteorological conditions) - The state
of the atmosphere at a particular moment or during a period of time in
a particular region, conditioned by the processes taking place in it.
Meteorological conditions are characterized by temperature, pressure,
and humidity of the air; wind speed and direction in the ground layer,
and at altitudes; air transparency (i.e., visibility); solar radiation;
and thermal radiation of the earth and the atmosphere. meteorological
conditions are also characterized by thunderstormS, storms, snowstorms,
and other atmospheric phenomena. meteorological reconnaissance (weather
reconnaissance) is conducted in order to ascertam and forecast
meteorological conditions.

METODIKA BOYEVOY PODGOTOVKI (combat training methodology) - The ways
and means of training troops. Combat training methodology may be general
when it deals with training methods applicable to all disciplineS, or
particular, when it deals with individual disciplines (e.g., the
methodology of tactical training or weapons training).

METODIKA OPERATIVNOY PODGOTOVKI (operational training methodology) -
Ways and means of training generals, admirals, other senior officers,
and the staffs of major field forces of the Services, in problems of
operational art.

METODICHESKIY OGON' (deliberate fire) - Fire conducted with a constant
time interval between rounds. The purpose of deliberate fire is to hold
the target in a suppressed state between fire onslaughts, or to maintain
the necessary smoke concentration after fire onslaughts when firing
smoke projectiles. Deliberate fire may also be conducted independently
for the purpose of exhausting the enemy.

METODOLOGIYA SOVETSKOY VOYENNOY NAUKI (the methodology of Soviet
military science) - The methodology of Soviet military science is
dialectic and historical materialism. A profound knowledge of Marxist-
Leninist philosophy and its skilful application to military research
emerge as important conditions for the rigorous, scientific nature of
Soviet military theory. Not only does Marxist-Leninist methodology not
exclude special methods of research into specific questions pertaining
to preparation for, and conduct of, war but it also proposes such
methods. The methodology of bourgeois military science is based on
idealism and metaphysics, which accounts for its limitations and
inconsistency.

METODY ISPOL'ZOVANIYA PODVODNYKH LODOK (techniques of employing
submarines) - Pre-planned techniques considered as the most expedient
ones for employing a given grouping of submarines in a specific
operational situation, permitting assigned missions to be completed most
successfully within the time limits imposed. There are two basic
techniques of employing submarines, namely: the "maneuver" technique and
the "positional" technique.

MEKHANIZATSIYA INZHENERNYKH RABOT (mechanization of engineering
work) - The execution of engineering work with the aid of engineering
vehicles (and machinery), thus reducing the number of men engaged in
this work, and shortening the time needed for its completion.
Mechanization of engineering work is accomplished by troops themselves,
with the aid of bulldozer attachments and other equipment ,and also by
engineering troops, who use special vehicles for various purposes.

MEKIIANIZATSIYA POGRUZOCHNO-RAZGRUZOCHNYKH RABOT (mechanization of
loading and unloading operations) - Performing loading and unloading
work at depots and bases, and reloading materiel from one conveyance to
another, with the aid of power equipment especially designed for this
purpose.

MILlTARIZM (militarism) - A reactionary policy involving an
intensified arms race and preparation for war for predatory purposes,
a feature of capitalist states that enjoyed a great upsurge during the
period of imperialism. Militarism implies subordination of the national
economy, politics, and social life of the country to the goal of
preparing for predatory wars, and entails an inordinate rise in taxes
and the military budget in capitalist states. Characteristic of
militarism is the supremacy of a reactionary military clique, or in any
case, a rise in its influence on the entire policy of the ruling
classes. The roots of contemporary militarism are in monopolistic
capitalism and in its policy of anti-communism. After World War II, the
USA became the center of militarism. The growth of militarism creates
and increases tension in the international situation and aggravates
conflicts; it intensifies exploitation of the working  classes,
impoverishment of the masses, fierce attack on political rights of
workers by reactionary elements, and in the final analysis, increases
the danger of an outbreak of war.

MlNIROVANIYE (mining) - Mine laying at sea, and placement of
landmines (fougasses) on-terrain, airfields, and elsewhere, in a passive
role. Mining also includes preparing installations for demolition.

MINNO-ARTILLERIYSKAYA POZITSIYA (mine and artillery position) - A
previously prepared region, forming part of a defense system created in
a maritime theater. A mine and artillery position is the aggregate of
sea mine obstacles, consisting of mines of various kinds, covered by
fire from coastal missile launchers and artillery batteries, its purpose
being to deny enemy warships access to the defended coast. A mine and
artillery position often consists of several lines, one of which is the
main one.

MINNOVZRYVNYYE ZAGRAZHDENIYA (mine and explosive obstacles) -
Obstacles consisting of mine fields, mined objects, and various
fougasses. According to their purpose, mine and explosive obstacles are
subdivided into the following categories: anti-tank (mine fields,
heavyduty fougasses, mined bridges); anti-personnel (mine fields,
fougasses and booby traps); anti-landing (mine fields in the water and
on shore, and underwater fougasses); and anti-transport (road mines,
fougasses).

MINNOYE POLE (mine field) - A sector (area) of terrain (or the
sea) within which mines have been laid. According to their purpose,
minefields may be anti-tank, anti-personneI, mixed, dummy, or anti-ship;
according to their method of detonation they may be uncontrolled or
controlled.

MINNO-ZAGRADITEL'NYYE DEYSTVIYA (minelaying operations) - Laying large
mine obstacles in both friendly and hostile waters.

MINNO-TORPEDNAYA AVIATSIYA (mine and torpedo aviation) - A branch of
naval aviation armed with mines and torpedoes.

MINNYY ZAGRADITEL' (minelayer) - (1) An engineering vehicle intended
for rapid laying of anti-tank mines in the ground or distributing them
on the surface of the earth. (2) A submarine or surface warship used for
laying mine obstacles. Surface mine layers are in either the sea or
river category, and are either specially built as such, or are converted
from transports or auxiliary vessels. Mines may also be laid by other
naval vessels (destroyers, torpedo boats, torpedoarmed submarines,
etc.).

MINNYY TRAL ((1) mine-clearing attachment; (2) minesweep) (I) An
accessory that can be mounted in front of a tank, or a special
engineering vehicle for making safe passages through anti-tank mine
fields. The clearing mechanism of a mine-clearing attachment may be in
the form of rollers, knives, chains, etc. A roller attachment makes a
two-rut channel, leaving an uncleared median strip, which is cleared by
a second pass, by detonation, or by other means. (2) The anti-mine
device of a ship (or helicopter), used to detect and destroy mines.
according to the platform from which it is used, a minesweep may be in
the boat, small craft, ship, helicopter, or coastal category. According
to its action on mines, a minesweep may be in the contact or proximity
category. proximity minesweeps  are  subdivided  into  magnetic,
electro-magnetic acoustic, and hydrodynamic.

MINY (mines) Engineer munitions used as a means of
obstruction. according to their purpose, mines are subdivided into the
anti-personnel, anti-tank, anti-vehicle, anti-landing, and special -
purpose categories; according to the method of activation-into
controlled, detonation of which is effected at the appropriate time by
wire, radio, or mechanical device, and uncontrolled (instantaneous or
delayed action); according to their design-into pressure, tension,
release operated, and magnetic; according to their susceptibility to
retrieval into recoverable and nonrecoverable; and according to the
possibility of rendering them harmless into disarmable and non-
disarmable. Projectiles of various calibers, used as mortar shells,
are used to destroy enemy weapons and personnel, whereas large-caliber
ones are also used to demolish enemy field installations.

MINY MORSKIYE (sea mines) - One of the types of naval munitions
consisting of a hermetically-sealed explosive charge, furnished 1 with
a fuze and devices permitting it to be laid and exploded under water.
Sea mines may be laid by submarines, surface ships, or aircraft, and
are therefore subdivided into the submarine, surface ship, and
aviation categories. According to the firing device used, sea mines
are subdivided into contact, proximity, and engineer categories.

MNOGOKANAL'NAYA SVYAZ' (multichannel communication) - communication
in which one and the same transmitter, receiver, and communication
link permit several conversations to be conducted simultaneously, or
several messages to be sent concurrently. Multichannel communication
is made possible by various methods of channel differentianation
depending on frequency, time, phase, and other differences.

MNOGOKANAL'NOYE TELEGRAFIROVANIYE (multichannel telegraphy) - A
method of obtaining several telegraph links on one channel of a line
or radio-relay link. One of the high-frequency channels
of a long-distance telephone link is used for telegraphy. This channel
is didvided, with the aid of electric filters, into a number of
narrower channels, e on each of which a telegraph transmission can be
passed. Such a system of multiplexing telephone channels is called
voice frequency telegraphy.

MOBILIZATSIONNAYA GOTOVNOST' VOYSK (mobilizational readiness of
troops) - Completion of all measures necessary for the tranasition of
a unit, formation or organization from its peacetime to its wartime
table of organization and equipment. The time limit for the
mobilizational readiness of troops is established on the basis of the
operational role of the unit or formation, and the time needed for its
a mobilizational deployment.

MOBILIZATSIONNOYE PREDNAZNACHENIYE (mobilizational role) - The
employment envisaged in the mobilization plan for a major field
force, formation, unit, or subunit, and the roles of active
force and reserve personnel when a state of mobilization is declared,
according to their wartime tasks or duties.

MOBlLIZATSIONNOYE RAZVERTYVANIYE (mobilization deployment) -
Transition of the armed forces from peacetime to wartime tables of
organization and equipment. Mobilization deployment includes:
bringing units up to strength with personnel, combat materiel,
armament, and transport; providing troops (navy, airforce personnel)
with all types of personal belongings rations and provisions, fuels and
lubricants; assigning permanent force personnel to activate new
subunits, units, and formations; bringing naval vessels into commission
from a state of preservation [i.e. mothballing], and conscripting
merchant vessels for naval duty; and also, organizing the prompt
departure of mobilized troops for their operational destinations.

MOBILIZATSIONNYYE MEROPRIYATIYA (mobilization measures) - Measures
associated with mobilization of the armed forces. The principal
mobilization measures are: informing armed forces personnel and
transport personnel; carrying out mobilizational deployment of
troops; appointing permanent force personnel to activate new units and
formations; commissioning naval vessels from a state of preservation
li.e. mothballing] and mobilizing merchant vessels; organizing the
timely departure of draftees for their units; conducting the necessary
mobilization movements, jncluding evacuating the families of servicemen
from threatened areas; party-political work; and providing  for
mobilization security measures and overall administration.

MOBILIZATS1ONNYY ZAPAS (mobilization reserve)  - Stocks of materiel
intended to support the mobilization deployment of newly-activated
units, and also to cover combat expenditures and losses of materiel
during the initial phase of a war.

MOBILIZATSIONNYY PLAN (mobilization plan)  -  A document that details
the procedure for the mobilization deployment of the armed forces as a
whole, each of the ServiceS, each military district (or its naval
counterpart: fleet or flotilla), and each formation, unit, and
organization. Also reflected in the mobilization plan are the measures
envisaged for the support of mobilization deployment.

MOBILIZATSIYA NARODNOGO KHOZYAYSTVA (mobilization of the national
economy) - Reorganization of all sectors of the national economy so as
to meet the requirements of the armed forces and the civilian
population under wartime conditions. This includes: development of
industrial production in accordance with war plans; reorganization of
transport operations,  communications  facilities  and  agriculture,
and redistribution of manpower in accordance with war requirements; and
development of the activities of research establishments for military
purposes. Under conditions of nuclear warfare, mobilization of the
national economy could entail considerable difficulties,country
performance, furnished with special bridging equipment, and used for
the transportation, and rapid erection of bridges over obstacles.

MOTORIZOVANNYYE VOYSKA (motorized troops) - Troops having at their
disposal motor transport that is used to carry personnel, combat
materiel, armament, and the various supplies needed for daily use and
for combat.

MOSHCHNOST' YADERNOGO BOYEPRIPASA (nuclear yield) -The amount of
energy liberated during an explosion. It is described by the TNT
equivalent. According to their  yield,  nuclear  munitions  are
conventionally divided into small, medium, and large calibers.

NABLYUDATEL'NYY PUNKT (NP) (observation point) - A specially
equipped place from which the activities of friendly and enemy units (or
subunits) are observed on the battlefield.

NAVEDENIYE AVIATSII NA TSEL' (directing aircraft to the target) -
One of the methods of controlling aviation in the course of combat
operations, consisting in bringing a group of aircraft (or a single
aircraft) to an objective (to the assigned target) with the aid of
radiotechnical facilities (airborne, ground). Directing aircraft to
ground targets may also be accomplished with the aid of visual signals
(artillery projectiles, night orientation-signal aerial bombs, aerial
illuminating bombs, searchlights), and by other means.

NAVEDENIYE KORABLEY NA PROTIVNIKA V MORE (directing warships to the
enemy at sea) - One of the methods of controlling naval forces in the
course of combat operations, consisting in bringing a naval striking
force toward a designated enemy objective to within range of direct
contact, or onto the course which it is following, with a view to
subsequent use of weapons. As a rule, direction is accomplished from
coastal command posts, and it gives the striking force time to detect
the enemy, and to occupy an advantageous position for a strike or
attack.

NAVEDENNAYA RADIOAKTIVNOST' (induced radioactivity) - Radioactivity
of the air, soil, materials, and various objects, arising as a result
of their being irradiated with neutrons. It may be considerable in
ground, water, and diverse structures and materials containing sodium,
magnesium, silicon or aluminum. Induced radioactivity may be especially
strong in sea water in the event of a surface or underwater nuclear
burst.

NAVESNOYE BUL'DOZERNOYE OBORUDOVANIYE (bulldozer attachments) -
Bulldozing equipment which may be mounted on a tank or a tracked
artillery tractor for mechanized digging of trenches and covered
positions, and also for clearing landslides in mountain areas or earth
obstructions in inhabited localities. Bulldozer attachments consist of
a blade with a cutting-edge, arms on which the blade is mounted, and a
raising-and-lowering mechanism. Bulldozer attachments are authorized in
the tables of organization and equipment for tank units and artillery
units. Such equipment is transported by truck, or in the space outside
the cab of an artillery tractor. The work output capacity of bulldozer
attachments of various types ranges from 50 to 150 cubic meters per
hour.

NAVIGATSIONNO-GIDROGRAFICHESKOYE OBESPECHENIYE (navigational and
hydrographic support) - A type of special support for the activities of
naval forces provided by the navigational and hydrographic services of
a fleet. This support consists in ensuring safety of navigation, and in
the precise determination by a warship of its own position, so as to
permit use of its weapons.

NAVIGATSIONNOYE OBORUDOVANIYE MORSKOGO TEATRA VOYENNYKH DEYSTVIY
(navigational organization of a theater of naval operations) - Measures
and facilities for ensuring navigational safety during operations by
friendly forces, and impeding the activities of hostile forces. It
consists in installing coastal and deep-sea navigational aids (radio
beacons, light-houses, sirens, electric foghorns, buoys, signs), and in
establishing a special system for their operation, to permit covert
determination by a warship of its own position in the open sea, in the
vicinity of the coast, and in channels.

NAVIGATSIONNYY SPUTNIK (navigational satellite) - An artificial
earth satellite equipped with radioelectronic devices, and intended to
support aircraft and ship navigation, and also to tie in landmarks and
missile launching positions to the terrain.

NAVIGATSIYA (navigation) - (1) The science of steering ships at sea,
and of piloting airborne vehicles in the air; (2) the period during
which it is possible for ships and vessels to operate in freezing seas.
Widely used in navigation are navigational instruments, radio-technical
facilities, topographic maps, and hydrographic charts.

NADVODNYY YADERNYY VZRYV (water-surface nuclear explosion) - A
nuclear explosion in which the fireball touches the surface of the
water.

NADEZHNOST' SVYAZI (reliability of communications) - Distinct,
uninterrupted operation of communications under any condition of troop
combat operations. Reliability of communications is one of the demands
made of communications systems.

NADKALIBERNYY SNARYAD (over-caliber shell) - A projectile whose
caliber exceeds that of the gun from which it is to be fired. The
purpose of using an over-caliber projectile is to increase the
projectile's effect at the target.

NAZEMNYY YADERNYY VZRYV (surface nuclear explosion) - A nuclear
explosion in which the fireball touches the surface of the earth.

NAPALM (napalm) - Thickened incendiary mixtures having combustion
temperatures of 80-1000 degrees centigrade. The thickening agents are
used to give the incendiary mixtures -great stability (such mixtures do
not settle into layers), and great ranges can be obtained when they are
used for flame throwing. Napalm is used in aerial bombs, flame
fougasses, and light (portable) and tank-type flame throwers, to destroy
enemy personnel and combat materiel. It is also used to start fires.

NAPRAVLENIYE GLAVNOGO UDARA (axis of the main thrust) - The strip
of terrain in which the efforts of the main body and weapons of the
attacking troops are concentrated. In the case of naval operations, the
axis of the main thrust is determined by the position of the enemy
objective whose destruction constitutes the goal of the operation (or
battle).

NAPRAVLENIYE NASTUPLENIYA (axis of attack) - The strip of terrain
in which the troops are attacking. In order to designate an axis of
attack, it is customary to indicate several inhabited localities (or
distinct local features) along the entire depth of the operational
(or combat) mission of the major field force (formation, or unit).

NAPRAVLENIYE SVYAZI (communications link) - Method of organizing
communications between two commanding generals (or between  two
commanding officers, or two staffs), whereby communications
-are established directly between them.

NAPRAVLENNOYE RADIOIZLUCHENIYE (directional radio propagation) -
The propagation of radio waves in one or several directions by using
directional antennas. Directional radio propagation is widely used in
radar, radio-navigation, and radio-relay stations, and in remote control
installations. The use of directional radio propagation incieases the
range of operation, improves resistance to interference, and
-hinders reconnaissance by radio-technical stations.

NARODNOYE OPOLCHENIYE (People's Home Guard) - A temporary voluntary
military formation made up of persons not subject to call-up into the
regular army in the event of mobilization. The People's Home Guard arose
under extraordinary circumstances in the most tense moments of the War
of 1812 and of the initial phase of World War II.

NARUSHENIYE KOMMUNIKATSIY (PUTEY SOOBSHCHENIYA) (disruption of
transportation [travel routes]) - Military operations directed toward
reducing enemy use of transportation by particular routes. Disruption
of land, sea, and air transportation is achieved by conducting special
operations, or by engaging in systematic combat operations against means
of transportation.

NASTUPATEL'NAYA OPERATSIYA (offensive operation) - The aggregate of
nuclear strikes, coordinated and interrelated with regard to target,
time, and place, and the vigorous, offensive actions of the troops of
a front (or an army), accomplished in accordance with a unified concept
for the attainment of operational or strategic goals. The general
purpose of an offensive operation is to destroy enemy means of nuclear
attack, break up enemy main groupings, and seize regions of operational
or strategic importance. According to its scale and the forces and
weapons involved, an offensive operation may be an army operation or a
front operation, but in either case it will be conducted by ground
troops in coordination with the other Services.

NASTUPATEL'NAYA OPERATSIYA GRUPPY ARMIY (foreign) (offensive
operation of a group of armies) - The aggregate of engagements and
offensive operations conducted in accordance with a unified plan by
several field armies and army corps, in coordination with strategic
formations of other Services, in an operational or strategic sector of
a theater of hostilities. Under the conditions of the initial phase of
a war, it is envisaged that an offensive operation of a group of armies
would be conducted with the beginning of a nuclear offensive, or would
be conducted concurrently with it.

NASTUPATEL'NAYA OPERATSIYA GRUPPY FRONTOV (offensive operation of
a group of fronts) - A joint offensive operation of several fronts.
Essentially, an offensive operation of a group of fronts is the
aggregate of a number of simultaneous and sequential front operations
directed toward attainment of a single strategic goal or a major
operational goal.

NASTUPATEL'NAYA OPERATSIYA NA PRIMORSKOM NAPRAVLENII (offensive
operation in a maritime sector) - An operation accomplished by ground
forces, in coordination with the navy and longrange aviation, in order
to break up an enemy maritime grouping of land, sea, and air forces, and
in order to take possession of the sea coast, the most important naval
bases, and strait zones.

NASTUPATEL'NYY BOY V MORE (offensive sea battle) - The principal type
of sea battle, the purpose of which is to destroy the hostile naval
forces that are at sea. This purpose is achieved by means of powerful
strikes by nuclear missiles and conventional weapons, inflicted by naval
forces independently, but sometimes in coordination with formations of
the other Services. An offensive sea battle is characterized by its
dynamic nature, by the suddenness and short duration of its strikes, by
energetic attacks by mobile forces, and by rapid and decisive actions
of the forces throughout wide expanses of sea. Variants of the offensive
sea battle are: a battle to destroy a carrier strike group; a battle to
destroy a grouping of missile-armed warships; and a battle fought in
order to demolish an enemy convoy under various conditions of the
maritime situation.

NASTUPLENIYE (offensive) - A basic type of combat operation, of
decisive importance in attaining victory over the enemy. An offensive
is conducted in order to secure the prompt and utter defeat of an enemy
occupying defensive positions, and in order to take important areas (or
objectives). This is achieved by breaking up enemy main groupings and
weapons of mass destruction by using nuclear and conventional weapons,
energetic attacks by ground forces with high speed and to great depth,
coordinated with aviation and airborne assault forces, bold movement by
the latter onto enemy flanks and rear, and destroying him piece by
piece.

NACHAL'NAYA SKOROST' (muzzle velocity) - The velocity of a
projectile or mortar round as it passes the muzzle face on its way out
of the gun (or mortar) barrel, i.e., their velocity at the origin of
fire. Muzzle velocity depends on the weight of the charge, the weight
of the projectile, the quality of the explosive, and other factors.
Muzzle velocity is one of the fundamental ballistic properties
determining the projectile's range and power.

NACHAL'NYY PERIOD VOYNY (initial period of a war) - A decisive
period of a war, ranging from the outbreak of hostilities to attainment
of the short-term strategic goals assigned to the first strategic
echelon of the country's armed forces. Under the most favorable
conditions, the goals of the war may be attained during the initial
period of a war.

NEYTRALITET (neutrality) - A policy whereby a state does not
participate in military blocs, nor in wars between them. The territory
and territorial waters of a neutral state, and the air space above it,
are regarded as inviolable, and according to the precepts  of
international law, belligerent states are categorically forbidden to use
them. A neutral state does not have the right to supply belligerent
states with weapons, war materials, etc. Changes and additions to the
rules and principles of neutrality are  fixed  in  appropriate
international agreements. In international relations, neutrality is
expressed by abstaining from membership in any of the existing politico-
military alliances (blocs). Countries which maintain a policy of
neutrality under present-day conditions of intensified formation of
aggressive military blocs by imperialists, encounter understanding and
support on the part of the peace-loving Soviet Union. Armed neutrality
consists in nonparticipation of a given country in a war between other
states, accompanied by a readiness to withstand by force of arms any
violation of its neutrality.

NEYTRON (neutron) - An elementary particle of matter, which is a
component of atomic nuclei, and which is neutral, being devoid of
electric charge. Due to its lack of an electric charge, a neutron
readily penetrates atomic nuclei, and is therefore widely used to
initiate various nuclear reactions. In particular, the neutron can cause
fission of uranium nuclei. A free neutron is unstable and disintegrates
into an electron, a proton, and a neutrino. The mean "lifetime" of a
free neutron is about l3 minutes.

NEKONTAKTNAYA MINA (noncontact mine) - A mine which explodes at a
certain distance from a ship's hull, without requiring direct contact
with it in order to detonate. The burst of a noncontact mine is
initiated by an influence fuze, which reacts to the magnetic, acoustic,
hydrodynamic, or other physical field of the vessel.

NEKONTAKTNOYE TRALENIYE (sweeping of noncontact mines) - Minesweeping
with the use of various noncontact sweeps, intended for clearing bottom
mines in the noncontact category, having fuzes of various types.

NEPODVIZHNYY ZAGRADITEL'NYY OGON' (NZO) (standing barrage) - High
density artillery fire (frontal or flank), used on preselected lines to
obstruct movement of the enemy through them.

NEPRIKOSNOVENNYY ZAPAS (NZ) (emergency reserve supplies) - Stocks of
weapons, ammunition, fuels and lubricants, provisions, military-technical
and other supplies, which are held in established quantities, either in
the immediate possession of soldiers, or in depots and bases, or with
combat equipment, guns and unit transport vehicles. Emergency reserve
supplies are intended for use in special circumstances only, with the
permission of the senior commander.

NESNIZHAYEMYY ZAPAS (minimum level of supply) - Stocks of various types
of materiel intended to meet current requirements. As these are
expended, they are promptly replenished to established levels in all the
units where they are maintained.

NESTOYKIYE OTRAVLYAYUSHCHIYE V'ESHCHESTVA (nonpersistent toxic agents)
- Toxic agents which are l0w-boiling liquids or gases, and which
are used to contaminate the atmosphere. Typical representatives of such
toxic agents are hydrocyanic (prussic) acid and phosgene.

NESFORMlROVAVSHIYSYA SLED RADIOAKTIVNOGO OB-LAKA (unformed pattern of
a radioactive cloud) - The pattern of a radioactive cloud at the far
boundary of which fallout of radioactive substances is still taking
place. The far boundary of the unformed pattern of a radioactive cloud
shifts from ground zero with the speed of the mean wind.

NEUPRAVLYAYEMYYE RAKETY (unguided missiles) - Missiles not having an
on-board guidance system. Direction and range are imparted to such
missiles by the launcher.

NEUPRAVLYAYEMYY REAKTIVNYY SNARYAD (foreign) (unguided rocket shell)
- A ballistic shell whose trajectory depends only on the force of
gravity and aerodynamic forces, and which describes a so-called
ballistic curve.

NIZKIY VOZDUSHNYY YADERNYY VZRYV (low altitude nuclear explosion) -
A nuclear explosion detonated at a height which ensures the destruction
of a large number of comparatively strong target installations, but
which at the same time precludes the possibility of strong radioactive
contamination of the terrain in the pattern of the cloud.

NIZKOYE TORPEIOMETANIYE (low level torpedo-bombing) - A method of
using the torpedo armament employed by naval aviation's mine-torpedo
aircraft. This method is used from contour-flying altitudes, and from
low altitudes generally, when attacking warships and transports at sea,
in bases (ports), and at anchorages. It is also used to destroy
hydrotechnical works (docks, jetties, breakwaters, etc.) in enemy naval
bases and ports.

NOMENKLATURA KART (map nomenclature) - A system of conventional
alphabetical and numerical symbols for individual sheets of topographic
maps of various scales. The nomenclature of an individual sheet is put
in its north margin. The nomenclature of the adjacent sheets is
indicated in the other three margins.

NORMY MATERIAL'NOGO OBESPECHENIYA (levels of materiel support) - The
quantities of materiel authorized for issue to troops and intended for
use (or expenditure) during a definite period of time for an operation
(or battle) or for retention by individual units or in depots. Levels
of materiel support are worked out by the appropriate supply service and
promulgated by the Ministry of Defense.

NORMY RASKHODA MATERIAL'NYKH SREDSTV (materiel expenditure rates) - The
quantities of materiel authorized, temporarily or permanently, per
consumer, per unit time or per unit of work done. The materiel
expenditure rates for each battle or operation are established by the
command for subunits, units, formations, and major field forces on the
basis of combat missions actually assigned to them.

NOCHNAYA ORIYENTIRNO-SIGNAL'NAYA AVIATSIONNAYA BOMBA (NOSAB) (Night
Orientation-Signal Aerial Bomb; flare bomb) - An auxiliary-purpose
aerial bomb used at night for indicating (marking) targets and control
landmarks on the terrain, and also for designating the flight courses
of single aircraft or groups of aircraft. The fire of such a bomb may
be of various colors.

OBESPECHENIYE OPERATSII (BOYA) (support of an operation [or battle])
- The aggregate of mutually-coordinated measures taken by the command,
staffs, and troops (or forces) for the purpose of creating the most
favorable conditions for combat operations, both in the preparatory
stage and in the course of an operation (or battle). The nature of such
-measures is determined by the actual situation and by the missions
assigned to the troops. The basic types of operational support,
applicable to all services, are: reconnaissance; protection of troops
(or forces) and rear installations from weapons of mass destruction;
engineering support; camouflage; radioelectronic countermeasures; and
topogeodesic, hydro-meteorological, and rear support.

OBESPECHENIYE RAZVERTYVANIYA SIL (deployment security) - A system of
measures directed toward creating the most favorable conditions for
preserving the combat effectiveness of forces in the process of
deployment, minimizing casualties among such forces, and ensuring timely
occupation of their assigned regions, lines, and positions.

OBESPECHENIYE FLANGOV (STYKOV) (security of flanks [or of limiting
points])  - Operational (or tactical) measures to forestall surprise
strikes by the enemy on open flanks (or limiting points), and to ensure
successful repulse of these strikes in the course of accomplishing the
main mission. Flank security is achieved by conducting uninterrupted
reconnaissance, and by maintaining the forces and weapons assigned for
this purpose in a constant state of readiness.

OBLAST' PEREKHVATA VOZDUSHNYKH TSELEY (air target interception region)
- The air space within the radius of action of fighter aircraft,
in which interception of air targets is assured.

OBORONA (defense) - A type of combat operation conducted for the
purpose of repulsing an attack mounted by superior enemy forces, causing
heavy casualties, retaining important regions of the terrain, and
creating favorable conditions for going over to a decisive offensive.
Defense is based on strikes by nuclear and all other types of weapons;
on extensive maneuver with fire, forces, and weapons; on counterattacks
(or counterstrikes) with simultaneous stubborn retention of important
regions which intercept the enemy direction of advance; and also on the
extensive use of various obstacles. Defense makes it possible to gain
time and to effect an economy in forces and weapons in some sectors,
thereby creating conditions for an offensive in others.

OBORONA VOYENNOMORSKOY BAZY (naval base defense) - The aggregate of
measures and combat operations adopted to prevent seizure of a naval
base by the enemy, and also to ensure the safety of naval forces in the
base, ,and protection of installations located on its territory (or sea
area) against enemy attack by land, sea, and air. The composition of the
forces and facilities required for the defense of a naval base, as well
as of the necessary reinforcements, will depend on the importance and
nature of the missions to be completed, on the ratio of forces in the
theater of operations, and on the military-geographical conditions in the
region in which the base is situated.

OBORONA MORSKOGO POBEREZH'YA (sea coast defense) - The aggregate of
combat operations and measures adopted to prevent seizure of a coast by
the enemy and to safeguard coastal installations from enemy attack.
Defense of a sea coast includes anti-landing defense, and protection of
important maritime objectives from enemy attack by sea. Measures
pertaining to defense of a sea coast are planned and partially
implemented in peacetime, and are developed and perfected on the
outbreak of hostilities, in accordance with the actual situation.

OBORONA SOYEDINENIYA KORABLEY (TRANSPORTOV) NA PEREKHODE MOREM
(defense of a formation of warships [or merchant-type ships] during sea
transit) - The complex of combat support measures adopted in order to
preserve the combat effectiveness (or integrity), and to ensure the
safety, of warships (or merchant-type ships) during sea transit. Such
defense includes operations of escorting ships and aircraft, and
measures adopted by the escorted forces (or vessels) for their own
defense. These activities and measures are directed toward anticipation
and repulse of enemy attacks from the sea and from the air, and toward
destruction of the attacking enemy forces.

OBORONITEL'NAYA OPERATSIYA (defensive operation) - The aggregate of
battles fought in individual sectors for the purpose of disrupting an
enemy offensive still in preparation or already begun, and also for the
purpose of gaining time, and creating favorable conditions for going
over to the attack. A contemporary defensive operation is based on the
use of nuclear strikes and strikes with all other types of weapons, on
the extensive use of maneuver with fire, forces, and weapons, and on
counterattacks, imparting an aggressive and decisive character to the
defense.

OBORONITEL'NAYA POZITSIYA (defensive position) - A sector of terrain
intended for conducting a defensive battle by motorized rifle and tank
subunits (or units). Defensive positions have strong points prepared by
engineers, disposed at intervals of 1-1.5 kilometers, with firing lines
for tank subunits and antitank weapons, trenches for various weapons,
shelters for personnel, and with other defensive structures. Various
obstacles and dummy objects may also be set up at defensive positions.

OBORONITEL'NAYA POLOSA (historical) (defensive zone) - A zone of
terrain prepared by the engineers for defense by formations of the
ground forces. A defensive zone could consist of two or three defensive
positions. Defensive zones were differentiated in the following manner:
forward, main (first), second, army, rear, front, intermediate, cut-off,
etc.

OBORONITEL'NYY RUBEZH (historical) (defensive line) - Terrain
prepared by engineers for defense and intended for retention by major
field forces, formations, or units of the ground forces. Defensive lines
usually consisted of one or two defensive zones, and were called:
primary, intermediate, rear, etc.

OBORONOSPOSOBNOST' (defensive capability) - The degree of development
and readiness of the military, economic, and moral-political forces and
potentialities of a country, ensuring reliable delense of the state in
modern war, and utter defeat of the aggressor. Defensive capability is
determined by the character of the political regime and social order,
and depends on the political goals of the war, on the organizational
activity of the country'S political and military leadership, and on the
alertness of the people and the armed forces. The high level of
defensive capability in the Soviet Union, and in other countries having
a peaceful socialist system, is determined by the guiding role of the
Communist and workers' parties.

OBSERVATSIYA (observation) - Determining a ship's position by coastal
objects, radio-beacons, radio-navigational and hydroacoustic systems, or
by heavenly bodies.

OBSTANOVKA (situation) - The aggregate of all the factors in the
area of hostilities (or of combat operations) and in the rear of units,
which to some degree or other affect preparation, course, and outcome
of an operation (or battle). The most important elements of the
situation are recognized to be the enemy, own troops, neighboring
troops, terrain, radiation and chemical conditions in the area of
operations, economic state of the region of hostilities, socio-political
structure of the population and its mood, climatic conditions, and the
time of day. In its scale, the situation may be strategic, operational,
or tactical, and general or specific; and in the sphere of hostilities,
it may be land-, sea-, air-, or space-oriented.

OBKHOD (deep envelopment) - A troop maneuver in depth which is
performed in tactical (or operational) coordinated action with troops
advancing from the front. Deep envelopment is used for the purpose of
inflicting decisive, surprise strikes on enemy flanks (or flank) and
rear.

OBSHCHAYA TAKTIKA (general tactics) - A scientific discipline
dealing with questions related to preparation for, and conduct of,
combined-arms combat by units and formations of ground troops, with the
participation of the other Services.

OBSHCHEVOYSKOVAYA ARMIYA (combined-arms army) - A major field force
of ground troops, including combined-arms and special  formations  (or
units), as well as command elements and supply elements. A combined-
arms army may also include corps elements. A combined-arms army is
usually a component of a front, but it may also function in an isolated
operational sector, directly subordinated to the Supreme High Command.
In the latter case, it is designated as a separate army.

OBSHCHEVOYSKOVOY BOY (combined-arms battle) - A battle fought by a
combined-arms formation (or unit) together with its attached formations
(or units) of other service branches and aviation; and in maritime
sectors, with naval forces as well. The use of nuclear weapons and the
participation of the various service branches (or forces),  in
conjunction with the great mobility of the troops, impart an especially
decisive and maneuver-oriented character to a combined-arms battle.

OBSHCHEVOYSKOVOY KOMANDIR (combined-arms commander) - The commander
(sole commander) of a combined-arms formation, unit, or subunit. He
organizes the combined-arms combat of the troops subordinated to him,
and leads them in battle. He makes the decision to engage the enemy,
assigns combat missions to subunits (units, formations), organizes
coordination, coordinates the actions of his own troops with those of
neighboring troops, and directs his staff, and the commanders of the
service branches and Services.

OBSHCHEVOYSKOVOY SHTAB (combined-arms staff) - The staff of a major
field force (or of a formation or unit) which includes formations
(units, subunits) of various service branches. The combined-arms staff
ensures coordination between the staffs of the subordinated and
cooperating troops, and those of the service branches, special troops,
services, and rear. The combined-arms staff takes all measures necessary
to ensure the comprehensive preparation of the troops for their combat
missions, and to ensure constant command and control of the troops
during the course of battle (or operation).

OBYCHNYYE VIDY ORUZHIYA (conventional weapons) - All types of weapons
with the exception of weapons of mass destruction (i.e., nuclear,
chemical, and bacteriological).

OB"YEKTIVNYYE ZAKONY VOYNY (the objective laws of war) - The
substantial, recurrent, and inseparable associations  which  are
organically inherent in war, and which determine its conduct, course,
and outcome. Such laws specificially include: the dependence of the
course and outcome of a war on the correlation of the military-economic
forces and potentialities of the belligerent states, on the correlation
of moral-political forces and potentialities of the adversaries, on the
correlation of the military potentialities of the parties in conflict,
and the quantity and quality of their armed forces; and dependence of
the method of waging a war on the method of production, and in
particular, on its most mobile element-the means of production, which
have a direct impact on change in the means of armed conflict.

OB"YEKTOVAYA PVO (installation-oriented air defense) - One method of
organizing air defense, whereby air defense forces and facilities are
concentrated in defense of particular installations.

OGNEVAYA PODGOTOVKA ((1) preparation fire [softening up]; (2) weapons
training) - (1) Powerful prepared strikes with artillery and aviation
delivered prior to the start of an attack, for the purpose of
neutralizing and destroying the most important enemy installations
which are not to be destroyed by nuclear weapons, and for the purpose
of rendering the enemy incapable of offering organized resistance to
the advancing troops; (2) a subject in the training curriculum for
personnel of subunits and units of the armed forces.

OGNEVAYA PODDERZHKA (fire support) - Successive neutralization and
destruction of the enemy by concentrated artillery fire and air attacks
in the course of an offensive, for the purpose of ensuring a rapid
advance by the attacking troops. Fire support is conducted by various
means, and to the entire depth of the troops' combat mission.

OGNEVAYA SVYAZ' (coordination of fire) - A method of mutual fire
support. Coordination of fire may be effected along the front and in
depth, between formations, units, and subunits, and between the various
weapons (tanks, artillery, combat vehicles).

OGNEVOYE VZAlMODEYSTVIYE (mutual fire support) - Coordination of fire
on the enemy, achieved by assigning targets to the various types of
weapons, combat vehicles, or subunits, and by predetermining the time
of opening and delivering fire.

OGNEVOYE NABLYUDENIYE (neutralization fire) - Fire by single rounds or
bursts at will, conducted during the intervals between concentrated fire
against the same target, but with considerably less denSity. The purpose
of fire observation is to keep the target neutralized.

OGNEVOY VAL (rolling barrage) - A method of artillery support for
troops on the offensive, consisting of successive shifts of highdensity
fire from one firing line to another, ahead of the combat formations of
advancing troops. A rolling barrage may be single or double.

OGNEVOY NALET (concentrated fire) - Method of conducting artillery fire
for the purpose of destroying enemy personnel, weapons, and combat
materiel, envisaging a high density of fire during a short interval of
time. As a rule, concentrated fire begins with fire from more Than one
weapon, with a subsequent transition to deliberate fire, reckoned on the
basis of expending the assigned amount of ammunition in a predetermined
period of time.

OGNEVYYE VOZMOZHNOSTI (firepower) - The sum total of the capabilities
of a formation, unit, or fire subunit, to resolve typical fire missions
in a definite period of time, using a suitable amount of ammunition.

OGNEMET (flamethrower) - A shortrange weapon that uses a stream of
burning flammable mixture to destroy the enemy in field fortifications,
tanks, stone -buildings, or trenches. There are light (portable)
flamethrowers and heavy (fougasse) flamethrowers.

OGNEMETNYY TAHK (flamethrower tank) - A combat vehicle equipped with
a flamethrower. A flamethrower. tank is used to destroy personnel,
especially those located under cover, and is used in close support of
troops in offensive combat, and to reinforce them in defense.

ODINOCHNYYE UDARY AVIATSII (strikes by single aircraft) - Strikes
made against enemy objectives by single aircraft. Such strikes are dealt
using nuclear, chemical, or conventional weapons, in order to complete
particular tactical missions (destruction or neutralization of targets).

ODINOCHNYY YADERNYY UDAR (single nuclear strike) - A strike
delivered against an objective with one nuclear weapon. It is used
in those cases when the yield of a nuclear weapon ensures that the
required damage will be inflicted on the target.

ODNOVREMENNYYE UDARY AVIATSII (simultaneous strikes by aircraft) -
One of the methods of combat operations employed by aviation, and used
to put the objective (or objectives) out of commission in the shortest
possible time.

ODNOSTEPENNOYE UCHENIYE (VOYENNAYA IGRA) (single-level exercise [war
game]) - Training in which only one organizational echelon takes part,
for example, the commander and headquarters of a regiment, the commander
and headquarters of a devision, etc.

ODNOSTORONNEYE UCHENIYE NOYENNAYA IGRA) (one-sided exercise [war
game]) - An operational (or tactical) exercise in which only one side
participates, the enemy being represented by specially-detailed subunits,
or by individual soldiers provided with simulating and marking devices
(or its actions being determined and introduced to the trainees by the
control and umpire apparatus).

OKKUPATSIONNYYE VOYSKA (occupation troops) - Troops located in the
territory of another state in connection with its temporary occupation,
pending fulfilment by the defeated belligerent party of the obligations
which it has assumed.

OKKUPATSIYA (occupation) - Temporary occupation of the territory of
one state by the armed forces of another, without prior acquisition of
sovereign rights to it. Military occupations effected by imperialist
powers are usually accompanied by contravention of international law and
by violence against the peaceful population, etc.

OKRUG PVO (air defense district) - The highest operational formation
of national air defense forces. Its role is to defend the country's most
important industrial-economic regions and administrative-political
centers from the air. Concurrently with fulfilment of its primary
missions, an air defense district may provide cover for troops, air and
sea communications, ports, naval bases, and warships which are within
the area of combat operations assigned to it.

OKRUZHENIYE (encirclement) - Isolation of a grouping of the enemy from
the rest of his troops. Encirclement is most often achieved by troops
advancing in convergent directions. Under modern conditions, -the
encirclement and destruction of the enemy are simultaneous, ensured by
effective use of nuclear weapons and by the great mobility of troops.

OPERATIVNAYA VOZDUSHNAYA RAZVEDKA (operational air reconnaissance)
- A type of air reconnaissance. It is conducted for the purpose of
obtaining such data on the enemy, his installations, the terrain and the
weather, as is needed by the command of higher strategic formations of
all Services to prepare and conduct operations (or combat activities).
The depth of operational air reconnaissance depends on the missions to
be fulfilled by the strategic formations of the Services, and also on
the nature of the theater of operations, and on the capabilities of the
means used to conduct operational air reconnaissance, and may reach the
depth of a front offensive operation. The means of operational air
reconnaissance are usually long-range manned and unmanned aircraft
equipped with reconnaissance apparatus. The main efforts of operational
air reconnaissance are concentrated on installations located in the
operational depth. The data of operational air reconnaissance are
supplemented by the data of strategic and tactical air reconnaissance.

OPERATIVNAYA GRUPPA (operational group)(1) A temporary major field
force acting in a particular operational sector and completing one
operational mission. The composition of an operational group depends on
the situation and on the nature of the missions to be resolved. The need
to create an operational group arises in connection with the conduct of
an operation on wide fronts and in inaccessible terrain, where according
to the situation, it may become extremely difficult to organize and
maintain coordinated action between the groupings acting in the various
sectors. (2) A group of officers with the means of command and control,
sent by the staffs of major field forces (or formations) of the
Services, to establish and maintain close coordinated action and
(tactical) control with them, or to lead a particular grouping of troops
(or forces).

OPERATIVNAYA MASKIROVKA (operational camouflage) - A type of support
for combat operations, conducted for the purpose of misleading the enemy
concerning the nature of the forthcoming operations by friendly troops,
the concept of the operation, the scale, the time, and the targets
against which the enemy may possibly use weapons of mass destruction.
Operational camouflage is one of the principal means of achieving
operational surprise. The methods of effecting operational camouflage
are diversified. They include creation of dummy groupings and objects;
misinforming the enemy; wide use of technical camouflaging facilities;
utilization of advantageous terrain features and darkness; taking steps
to safeguard military security, and adopting covert control of troops,
etc. Operational camouflage is effected in accordance with a unified
plan formulated by the staff of a major field force.

OPERATIVNAYA OBSTANOVKA (operational situation) - The aggregate of
all factors which, up to a particular time may, to some degree or other,
affect the preparation, course, and outcome of an operation (or battle).
The most important elements of an operational situation are the
positions of the opposing sides, their composition, condition, the
nature of their activities, their combat capabilities, materiel and
technical support; also, the correlation of the forces of the warring
parties, the nature of the terrain, the economic state of the region of
activities, the socio-political composition of the population; and the
weather, time of day, and time of year.

OPERATIVNAYA PAUZA (historical) (operational pause) - A break
between two successive operations, which was needed to bring the troops
back up to strength due to the casualties they sustained; to replace
lost weapons and to replenish expended ammunition; to regroup forces,
to move up the rear, and to bring in materiel and technical facilities.
Also meant by the term "operational pause" was a relative lull in a
given theater of hostilities, during which both opposing sides, being
on the defensive, abstained from offensive operations for some reason
or other.

OPERATIVNAYA PEREGRUPPIROVKA (operational regrouping) - A movement
of major field forces (or formations) from certain regions to certain
others, for the purpose of creating a new grouping and transferring the
operational emphasis to a new sector. An operational regrouping may be
effected prior to an offensive or defensive operation, or in the course
of such an operation, or when it ends.

OPERATIVNAYA PLOTNOST' (operational density) - The average
numerical strength of troops and combat materiel per kilometer of front
or per square kilometer of area for the zone of combat operations of a
major field force (or army, front). The operational density of
formations on a front (or in an army) may be determined by the number
of kilometers of front per formation (e.g., motorized rifle division,
tank division), or by the degree to which such and such an area (in
square kilometers) is saturated with troops. Operational density is
usually computed both for the entire zone of combat operations of the
troops of a front (or army) and for individual sectors.

OPERATIVNAYA PODGOTOVKA (operational training) - A system of
training measures adopted for the purpose of perfecting the knowledge
and practical skills of senior officers, generals, admirals and the
staffs of major field forces of the Services, in the field of
organization and conduct of contemporary operations.

OPERATIVNAYA RAZVEDKA (operational reconnaissance) - The most
important form of support for the combat operations of troops.
Operational reconnaissance is organized by the officers commanding major
field forces and by their staffs, for the purpose of obtaining the
reconnaissance information needed for the preparation and conduct of
operations by all the Services.

OPERATIVNAYA SVODKA (operations report) - A combat document compiled
by the staff of a major field force (or formation) for a definite period
of time on the basis of data on the situation obtained from subordinate
staffs, and information from adjacent units. Reflected in this document
are all changes in the position and state of friendly and hostile troops
which have taken place since the previous report was rendered. An
operations report is rendered within time limits set by the higher
staff.

OPERATIVNOYE VZAIMODEYSTVIYE (operational coordination) - The
actions of major field forces which are coordinated with each other, and
with the forces and weapons of other Services, in order to attain the
goals of an operation (or combat activities). These coordinated actions
are conducted by the major field forces in one theater of hostilities
or strategic (operational) sector. Operational coordination is based on
the decisions of the officers commanding the major field forces, and on
the directives of higher authority.

OPERATIVNOYE VREMYA (operational time) - The hypothetical time
(hours, minutes, date) used in war games, command and staff training
exercises, in the solution of short exercises, and in group tactical
training exercises for playing out combat  operations  of  the
participating sides, whose position is correlated to a specific time.
When determining operational time, the time which might actually be
spent on the activities in question by the troops of the opposing sides
is taken into account. Operational time may or may not coincide with
astronomical time.

OPERATIVNOYE ISKUSSTVO (operational art) - A component part of
military art, dealing with the theory and practice of preparing for and
conducting combined and independent operations by major field forces or
major formations of the Services. Operational art is the connecting link
between strategy and tactics. Stemming from strategic requirements,
operational art determines methods of preparing for and conducting
operations to achieve strategic goals, and it gives the initial data for
tactics, which organizes preparation for and waging of combat in
accordance with the goals and missions of operations. Besides the
general theory of operational art, which investigates the general
principles of conducting operations, each Service haS its  own
operational art.

OPERATIVNOYE OB"YEDINENIYE (major field force; strategic formation)
- An operational and organizational entity in the different Services,
including formations of various service branches (or forces), intended
for the conduct of operations. Besides the forces intended to engage in
combat operations, a major field force or strategic formation has
command and control elements and facilities, rear services, support
services, etc.
OPERATIVNOYE POSTROYENIYE (operational order of battle) - A grouping
of the forces and facilities of major field forces or strategic
formations, created in accordance with the concept of the operation, and
meeting the requirements of their most effective utilization to bring
about the utter defeat of the enemy, on land, at sea, and in the air.

OPERATIVNOYE PRIKRYTIYE (operational cover) - Forces and facilities
especially detailed, for a specified time, to repulse enemy attacks
directed at the main body of a major field force which is preparing to
carry out a mission, or is in the course of doing so.

OPERATIVNOYE RAZVERTYVANIYE (operational deployment) - The process
of creating operational groupings of forces and weapons, and their
movement forward to deliver a strike. Operational deployment is done in
accordance with the concept of the operation.

OPERATIvNOYE SOSREDOTOCHENIYE VOYSK (operational concentration of
troops) - An accumulation of men and equipment in a particular region,
at a particular time, in order to carry out an operational mission.

OPERATIVNO-STRATEGICHESKIY MANEVR (operational-strategic maneuver)
- An organized move of large groupings of major field forces of the
armed forces within theaters of military operations for the purpose of
creating the most advantageous grouping of men and equipment for the
completion of assigned missions.

OPERATIVNYYE NORMY (NORMATIVY) -  (operational standards) -
Numerical indices that regulate the activity, in both time and space,
of operational groupings of the armed forces engaged in carrying out
missions, in peacetime and in wartime (width to front, density, speeds,
time limits, etc.). Operational standards are worked out on the basis
of careful mathematical analysis, and are verified, as a rule, by
experiment (on firing ranges, in exercises, etc.).

OPERATIVNYYE PEREVOZKI (operational movements) - Movement of
troops by rail, water, road, or air transport, effected on an
operational scale, and associated with the fulfillment of some
operational mission. Operational movements may be carried out both in
peacetime and in wartime.

OPEEATIVNYYE REZERW (operational reserves) - Combined-arms
formations, and also formations (or units) -  of various service
branches (or forces), used to carry out missions which arise suddenly
in the course of an operation. Operational reserves are part of an
operational order of battle of major field forces.

OPERATIVNYY RADIUS DEYSTVIYA SIL FLOTA (operational radius of action
of naval forces) - The greatest possible distance of a grouping of
forces (warships, aircraft) - from their bases at which these forces
retain their ability to carry out their assigned missions and return to
the points where they are based. The operational radius of action of
naval forces depends on the tactical-technical features of the kind of
force (range, self-sufficiency, speed, etc.), on the nature of the
mission to be completed, and on the situation which the operating forces
will encounter.

OPERATIVNYY TYL (operational rear) - Rear formations, units, and
establishments, with their stockpiles of materiel, that form part of a
major field force or strategic formation, used to provide comprehensive
rear support for the troops (forces), and located in a particular
zone (region) - for this purpose. The operational rear includes: the
rear of a front, an air defense district, or a fleet; the rear of an
army, a flotilla, or naval aviation.

OPERATSII NACHAL'NOGO PERIODA VOYNY (operations of the initial
period of a war) - Operations conducted during a period that lasts from
the outbreak of hostilities until the first strategic goal has been
attained.

OPERATSIONNAYA ZONA FLOTA (VOYENNO-MORSKOY BAZY) -  (operational
zone of a fleet [or of a naval base]) - A region of a maritime (or
ocean) - theater of operations, within whose limits, during a limited
period (or throughout the entire war), a naval strategic formation
carries out the missions assigned to it, by conducting naval operations
or other forms of combat activity. Demarcation of such a zone, its
boundaries and dimensions, depend on the general situation in the
theater of operations, the ratio of forces, the operational radius of
the forces, the nature of the missions to be carried out, and on the
physico-geographic conditions of the given theater. Insofar as these
factors change, the boundaries and dimensions of operational zones may
alter during the course of a war (or in peacetime).

OPERATSIONNOYE NAPRAVLENIYE (operational sector) - A zone of
terrain, or of water or air space, and sometimes a combination of these,
leading to the objectives of operational activities, namely, to
groupings of the enemy or to his important economic centers, and
permitting combat operations of major field forces to be conducted
within its boundaries. An operational sector, being part of a strategic
sector and of a theater of operations, alters with a change in the
position of the grouping of enemy opposing forces, or with a change in
the goals of the operation, and is always determined by the specific
operational strategic situation in the theater of operations. However,
for certain theaters (mountainous, lake-forest-bog, etc.), operational
sectors are relatively stable.

OPERATSIYA (operation) - The aggregate of nuclear strikes and
combat operations by troops (a fleet), coordinated with regard to
target, time, and place, and conducted in accordance with a unified plan
by a major field force or strategic formation, in order to attain an assigned
goal. Operations are accomplished by major field forces or ground
forces, by long-range aviation, and by the navy. According to the nature
of their activities, operations may be offensive or defensive. In
maritime sectors, the landing of an amphibious assault force, or the
repulse of an enemy amphibious assault force may, in certain cases,
assume the form of a landing operation or an anti-landing operation. The
landing of a large airborne assault force, and its combat activities,
constitute an air-assault operation.

OPERATSIYA PO ZAVOYEVANIYU GOSPODSTVA V VOZDUKHE (historical)
(air supremacy operations) - An air force operation aimed at the utter
defeat of enemy major aviation groupings, conducted by inflicting a
series of powerful strikes on enemy aviation on airfields, and
destroying it in air engagements, for the purpose of seizing and holding
the initiative in the air, in order to support the activities of
friendly armed forces. The operation was conducted in accordance with
the unified concept and plan of the General Headquarters of the Supreme
High Command in several operational or strategic sectors or in a theater
of hostilities, and involved several air armies of long-range and
national air defense aviation.

OPOVESHCHENIYE VOYSK (troop warning) - Sending prearranged signals
to warn troops to take measures and countermeasures for their
protection.

OPOVESHCHENIYE MOBILIZATSII (mobilization notification) - Making
known the government's decision regarding mobilization to all interested
persons, to army, navy, and air force units, and to military and civil
organizations. Notification of mobilization is simultaneously an order
to those being mobilized to appear at their units or at the assembly
points of military commissariats. The procedure and methods for
notification of mobilization depend on the type of mobilization (general
or partial, overt or covert).

OPOZNAVANIYE VOZDUSHNYKH TSELEY (air target identification) -
Establishing the affiliation of aircraft and unmanned means of air
attack to a given state and its air force. Under modern conditions, the
main identification of air targets is radar identification. All aircraft
of friendly air forces have radar-identification instruments for
identification of air targets, and flights by aviation are strictly
regulated by definite rules, which always permit the location of
friendly aircraft in the air to be known.

OPORNYY PUNKT (strong point) - That part of a defensive position
which is most fortified, contains the most weapons, and is most
reinforced with obstacles, and which is equipped for all-round defense,
primarily against tanks. A strong point is the main defensive position,
and is organized in the most probable sector of enemy attack. Strong
points are equipped with trenches, communication trenches, shelters,
and other defensive structures. They must be well camouflaged, and
connected to each other frontally and in depth by a unified fire and
obstacle plan.

ORBITAL'NYY SAMOLET (orbital aircraft) - An aircraft flying within
the limits of the earth's atmosphere with the use of aerodynamic forces,
and capable of going into temporary orbit. Its speed may be close to the
first escape velocity, and its altitude, 60-150 kilometers.

ORGANIZATSIYA OGNYA (Organization of fire) - Implementation of
measures ensuring completion of fire missions in accordance with the
concept of the operation (or battle), including the assignment of
forces and weapons to deliver fire; coordination of fire with troop
operations as regards mission, place, and time; all-round support of the
conduct of fire; and also establishment of a procedure governing calls
for fire, opening fire, and cessation of fire.

ORGANIZATSIYA OPERATSII (BOYA) - (organization of an operation
[or battle]) - Measures taken by commanding generals (or by commanders)
by staffs, and by control elements of major field forces or
strategic formations and formations, directed toward the creation of
favorable conditions for completing an operational (or battle) -
mission. Organization of an operation (or battle) -  stems from an
assessment of the situation and from a study of the mission assigned by
higher authority, and includes the decisions made by the commanding
general (or commander), the planning of the operation (or battle)
issuance of combat missions to the troops, and organization of
coordinated action, control points, comprehensive support, etc.

ORGANIZATSIYA PVO (organization of air defense) - Adopting measures
directed toward the training of air defense forces and the readying of
weapons for the conduct of combat operations. Organization of air
defense includes: making the decision to use air defense forces and
facilities, planning air defense on the basis of the assigned missions
and the decision made; organizing the region of combat operations;
creating the necessary grouping of air defense forces and weapons, and
determining the procedure for their operations in accordance with the
indicated variants, according to the nature of enemy air operations;
establishing the procedure for coordinated action, control, and
support of all kinds.

ORGANIZATSIYA TYLA (organization of the rear) - Measures taken for
the purpose of comprehensive support of troops (or forces) - under any
conditions of the situation. They consist in preparation, deployment,
and relocation of rear formations, units, and establishment5; in the
preparation and maintenance of communications; and in the protection,
defense, and guarding of rear installations.

ORDER (order [formation]) - The array or configuration of a group
of warships (or merchant vessels), and escort forces, adopted for
combat or cruising purposes, wherein the mutual positioning of the ships
is elaborated in detail, the directions, intervals, and distances being
governed by precise rules. An order [a formation] is created for the
purpose of protection against nuclear weapons and defense against
submarines, aircraft, torpedo boats, and mines. Orders [formations] are
mainly in the anti-nuclear anti-submarine and anti-aircraft categories.

ORDER UNIFITSIROVANNYY (unified order) - A naval combat formation
envisaging the simultaneous use of all basic types of defense and
protection by escorted warships (or merchant vessels) - and escorting
forces, during a sea passage.

ORIENTIRNAYA MORSKAYA AVIATSIONNAYA EOMBA (an aerial sea marker
bomb) - A special-purpose bomb used to make a bright, readily visible,
stain, or a smoke (fire) - trace, on the water, i.e., a sighting point
permitting navigational measurements to be taken.

ORUZHIYE MASSOVOGO PORAZHENIYA (weapons of mass destruction) -
Weapons used to inflict heavy casualties. They include nuclear, chemical
and bacteriological weapons.

OSADNOYE POLOZHENIYE (state of siege) - An extraordinary measure
for the preservation of public order. It is introduced in localities
besieged by the enemy, or under other extraordinary circumstances.

OSNOVNOY AERODROM (main airfield) - An airfield having works and
equipment of the capital type, a surfaced runway, taxiing strips, and
aircraft parking areas. The purpose of a main airfield is to act as a
base for aviation units, and as a site for flight training schools and
academies in both peacetime and wartime.

OSOBYY REZHIM POLETOV (special flight procedure) - A flight
procedure established for airborne vehicles in frontier zones and in
regions of special importance.

OSTATOCHNAYA RADIATSIYA (residual radiation) -  (foreign) Radiation
consisting mainly of beta and gamma radiation, and acting for
some time after a nuclear burst. Residual radiation is due mainly to
fission fragments and to neutrons which create induced radioactivity.

OS' SVYAZI (main communications artery) - A method of organizing
communications in which communication between a commander (or staff)
and subordinate commanders (or staffs) - is effected on one link.
Main radio-relay and wire communications arteries are set up in the
directions that command posts move.

OTDEL'NAYA ARMIYA (detached army) - A combined-arms major field
force of ground troops not forming part of a front, but used by the
Supreme High Command for conducting operations in an independent
operational sector.

OTRAVLYAYUSHCHIYE VESHCHESTVA (OV) (toxic agents) - Toxic organic
and non-organic compounds which, when used in combat, cause large
scale injury, in varying degrees of severity, to enemy personnel. Toxic
agents can be spread within large volumes of air, over considerable
areas, can penetrate shelters, buildings, tanks, and other combat
vehicles not provided with anti-gas equipment, and can rapidly cause
heavy loss of unprotected personnel. Toxic agents remain dangerous for
periods varying from several dozen minutes to several hours or days.

OTRAVLYAYUSHCHIYE VESHCHESTVA NERVNO-PARALITICHESKOGO DEYSTVIYA
(NERVNO-PARALITICHESKIYE) - (neuroparalytic nerve gases) - Toxic agents
that affect the central nervous system, and cause myosis (temporary
blindness), respiratory difficulties (asthmatic effect), cramps,
and paralysis, depending on the degree of exposure.

OTRAVLYAYUSHCHIYE VESHCHESTVA OBSHCHEYADOVITYYE  (nerve  and
paralysant toxic agents) - Quick-acting toxic agents which affect the
nervous system and the blood, causing general poisoning of the organism.
They include hydrocyanic (prussic) acid, and other toxic agents.

OTRAVLYAYUSHCHIYE VESHCHESTVA UDUSHAYUSHCHEGO DEYSTVIYA (choking
gases) - A group of toxic agents affecting the respiratory organs
(phosgene and diphosgene).

OTRYAD ((1) - & (2) - detachment; (3) - flight) - (l) - A temporary
unification of ground troop (or naval) - units or subunits
(sometimes even individual servicemen) - for completion of a particular
or special mission (security, seizure of a beachhead or bridgehead,
reconnaissance, setting obstacles, etc.) - ; (2) - in frontier troops,
a military unit; (3) - in the air force, a tactical subunit.

OTRYAD VYSADKI (landing detachment) A special temporary formation of
forces created to transport and land an amphibious assault force on the
enemy coast. A landing detachment includes formations of surface
warships of various types, groups of transports, landing craft, security
forces, and assault troops, from the moment of their going on board the
landing ships until they disembark onto the shore. The main mission of
a landing detachment is to fight a battle for a landing by an amphibious
assault force in coordinated actions with formations of aviation,
formations of air defense troops, airborne assault forces, and other
forces.

OTRYAD KORABLEY PODDERZHKI (force of support ships) - Forces
intended to provide fire support for assault troops in the battle to
effect an amphibious landing, or for ground troop formations engaged in
operations on the sea coast. In composition, a force of support ships
includes formations of warships armed with ordnance capable of
destroying coastal targets and the forces whose function is the
direct security of such targets.

OTRYAD OBESPECHENIYA DVIZHENIYA  (OOD)  - (movement-support
detachment) - A temporarily-created group of engineer subunits (mostly
road engineer subunits), together with chemical and radiological
reconnaissance subunits, assigned by a combined-arms formation or unit
to support the movement of troops. A movement-support detachment carries
out reconnaissance, removes obstacles from the route to be used,
organizes by-passes around debris and obstacles, marks the route, and
also does a limited amount of road repair work.

OTSECHENIYE AVIATSII PROTIVNIKA (fighter protection) - A method
employed by friendly fighter aviation to ensure that friendly groups of
other kinds of aviation are not attacked by enemy fighters, the method
being to contain (cut off) - the attacking aircraft by means of an air
battle.

OTSECHNAYA POZITSIYA (switch position) - A position created in
a defense for the purpose of preventing the enemy from spreading to the
flanks. A switch position may serve as a line for hitting the enemy with
fire, and for conducting counterattacks.

OTKHOD (withdrawal) - An obligatory type of combat operation,
associated with leaving occupied regions (lines, positions). A
withdrawal is carried out for the purpose of extricating troops from
strikes by superior enemy forces, permitting them to occupy positions
more advantageous for subsequent offensive operations, saving time for
concentration of forces in a given sector, shortening the front, etc.
A withdrawal may be made only with the permission of the senior
commander.

OTCHETNAYA KARTA (situation map) - A graphic document composed on
a blank map. It is intended to depict the situation and the course of
combat operations as a whole, or individual episodes (or events).

OFITSER NAVEDENIYA I TSELEUKAZANIYA AVIATSII (aircraft-guidance and
target-designation officer, forward air controller) - An officer detached
from an aviation formation (or unit) - to a combined-arms formation (or
to a naval formation) - to ensure coordinated action between the
aircraft and the units of this formation, and to perform the functions
of target designation and to guide aircraft to ground (or sea) -
targets.

OFITSERSKAYA RAZVEDKA (intelligence by officers) - Refining
information about the enemy, establishing the position of friendly
troops and adjacent units, verifying contradictory data on the
situation, and refining data concerning the nature of the terrain in the
area of combat activities. It is done personally by officers specially
detailed for this purpose.

OFITSERY SVYAZI (officer courier) - An officer employed as a
courier to a superior staff or to staffs of subordinate or coordinated
formations or units to establish communication with them or to
accomplish specific missions. An officer courier is usually provided
with transport (a motorcycle, automobile, armored personnel carrier,
aircraft, or helicopter)  and, when necessary, a radio set. An officer
courier may also be sent by a superior commander to a subordinate
commander to transmit (or deliver) an order, or perform a supervisory
function or other responsible tasks entrusted to him.

OKHVAT (close envelopment) - A troop maneuver accomplished in
tactical and fire coordination with the troops acting from the front.
Close envelopment is used for the purpose of inflicting decisive and
sudden strikes on enemy flanks (or flank) and rear.

OKHRANA VODNOGO RAYONA (OVR) - (a defense of a sea or waterway
area) - A type of daily combat activity of naval forces, consisting in
carrying out patrol duty, and also in organizing and implementing
measures and operations directed toward the anti-submarine, anti-torpedo
boat, and anti-mine defense of a limited area of the sea. Defense of a
sea or a waterway area has, as its purpose, timely detection of the
enemy, notification of naval forces, and the protection within the limits
of the guarded area-of ships under way or at anchor from torpedo-boat
attack, enemy submarine attack, and the action of mines. Defense of a
sea or waterway area may also be an element of combat support (for
example, defense of a sea or waterway area of an amphibious landing).

OKHRANENIYE (security) - A type of support for combat operations
of troops (or naval forces), effected in order to forestall surprise
enemy attacks, and to prevent enemy reconnaissance from penetrating
areas occupied by friendly troops (or naval forces). Security also
ensures friendly troops time and advantageous conditions for deployment
and entering battle. Security on the march, at the halt, and in battle,
are called:"march security, bivouac security," and"combat security,"
respectively.

OTSENKA OBSTANOVKI (estimate of the situation) - A comprehensive
study of all conditions favoring attainment of the goal of the operation
(or battle) - or hindering it. In estimating the situation, the
following are analyzed: the composition of enemy forces and weapons,
especially nuclear weapons, his grouping, and the probable nature of his
actions; radiological conditions; the state, position, capabilities, and
support of friendly troops; the nature of the terrain in the zone of
impending action and in the areas adjacent to it; the economic condition
of the region of combat operations; weather conditions; and the time of
day. The conclusions drawn from an estimate of the situation serve as
a basis for decision-making.

OTSENKA RADIATSIONNOY OBSTANOVKI (assessment of the radiological
situation) - A comprehensive study of the radioactive contamination of
the terrain in an area of military operations. An assessment of
the radiological situation includes establishing the nature and
scale of radioactive contamination of the terrain, determining the
radiation doses which personnel could receive in actions on the
contaminated terrain, and calculating the possible losses
occasioned by radiation. The conclusions drawn from the assessment of
the radiological situation serve as a basis for determining the nature
of troop activities, and for the adoption of measures to protect
personnel from radiation.

OTSENKA KHIMICHESKOY OBSTANOVKI (assessment of the chemical
situation) - Comprehensive study of the probable nature of contamination
of the terrain and air by toxic agents in an area of military
operations. Assessment of the chemical situation includes: establishing
the nature and scale of contamination of the terrain and air by toxic
agents; determining the degree of danger presented by this contamination
to personnel; and calculating of the possible number of casualties from
chemical weapons. The conclusions drawn from the assessment of the
chemical situation serve as a basis for determining the nature of troop
activities, and for adopting measures aimed at anti-chemical defense.

OCHAG ZARAZHENIYA (center of contagion) - Territory, together with
people, animals, combat materiel, transport, and other objects on it
which, having been subjected to the direct effects of bacterial agents,
is a source of infectious diseases.

PARASHYUTNYY DESANT (parachute assault force) - A formation or unit
(subunit) of airborne assault troops dropped by parachute to conduct
combat operations in enemy rear area(s), or to cover the deplaning
of an air-landed assault force.

PARLAMENTER (truce negotiator) - A person empowered by one of the
belligerent parties to negotiate with the other. A truce negotiator
enjoys inviolability. The distinguishing sign of a truce negotiator is
a white flag.

PAROMNAYA PEREPRAVA (ferry crossing) - (l) -  A method whereby
troops are transported across a water obstacle by ferries. (2) -  A
water obstacle of limited extent, both sides of which are provided with
landing stages and approach roads. Depending on the width of the water
obstacle, from one to three ferries shuttle between the landing stages.
The ferries are assembled from authorized bridge trains, or from among
locally available craft (small vessels, barges, boats, etc.). A ferry
crossing is intended to carry tanks, artillery with tractors, and other
combat materiel which cannot be transported in assault landing craft.

PARTIZANSKAYA BOR'BA (partisan [guerrilla] warfare) - One of the
forms of active armed conflict by the popular masses for independence
of the Motherland against intruding foreign invaders and reactionary
governments which collaborate with them, and also against the forces of
an internal counterrevolution which have started a civil war for the
purpose of overthrowing popular power. Partisan warfare is waged in
enemy rear areas on territory occupied by him.

PARTIZANSKIYE VOYENNYYE DEYSYVIYA (partisan [guerrilla] operations)
- Military operations by armed groups, detachments, and whole formations
of volunteers from the local population, or the armed forces, which are
waged in enemy rear areas by making surprise attacks on individual
garrisons or columns of moving troops, attacks on control centers
(headquarters) - and various enemy installations, and individual acts
of sabotage, for the purpose of disorganizing rear areas, inflicting
personnel casualties and losses of combat materiel on the enemy, and
disrupting the normal operation of his communications.

PARTIZANY (partisans; guerrillas) - National volunteers who fight
against occupational forces on territory usurped by the enemy, and who
rely on extensive support from the local population.

PARTIYNO-POLITICHESKAYA RABOTA (Party-political work) - A most
important means of strengthening the moral and political condition of
personnel, enhancing the combat effectiveness and combat readiness of
troops, and mobilizing personnel to successful completion of combat
missions for the purpose of achieving the utter defeat of the enemy.
Party-political work is accomplished by all commanders (and chiefs),
by political organs, and by Party and Komsomol organizations.

PARTIYNYYE KOMITETY V SOVETSKOY ARMII I VOYENNOMORSKOM FLOTE (Party
committees in the Soviet Army and Navy) - Elected guiding Party organs
of the Communist Party in the Armed Forces of the USSR, working under
the authority of regional committees of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union (CPSU). Party committees are created by the Chief
Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy, with the
permission of the Central Committee of the CPSU, in the central
apparatus of the Ministry of Defense, and in the staffs and directorates
of districts, groups of forces and fleets, and certain military
academies, research institutes, and other institutions.

PARTIYNYYE ORGANIZATSII V VOORUZHENNYKH SILAKH (Party organizations
in the armed forces) - Party organizations uniting Party members in
units (warships), in military educational institutions, and in
establishments. The principal task of Party organizations is to
implement requirements of the Program of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union, namely, that the Soviet Armed Forces shall be an
efficient and coordinated organism, having a high level of organization
and discipline, fulfilling in an exemplary manner the missions assigned
to them by the Party, the government, and the people, and being ready
at any moment to inflict a shattering repulsive blow against
imperialist aggressors.

PASSIVNAYA RADIOLOKATSIYA (passive radar) - Methods of detecting
objects and determining their position, based on reception of the
electromagnetic energy radiated by any object having a temperature above
absolute zero (-273 C). In contrast to ordinary radar, passive radar
does not require irradiation of the objects being detected. Due to the
absence of a transmitter, passive radar is not detected by enemy
reconnaissance.

PELENGATSIYA (direction finding) - Finding the angle between the
plane of the geographic meridian and an imaginary plane passing through
any object whatever and the point of observation. Direction finding may
be applied to visible objects, sources of sound, and sources of
electro-magnetic waves.

PERVYY ESHELON (first echelon) - That part of an operational order
of battle or combat order of troops which is in the first line or in
close contact with the enemy, and is used to carry out specific
missions.

PEREBAZIROVANIYE AVIATSII (redeployment of aviation) - A change in
the established airfield deployment of aviation units, formations, or
strategic formations, brought about by the flight of such units, etc.,
to other airfield areas. Redeployment of aviation may be made necessary
by changes in the situation, or by the necessity of a maneuver,
redeployment to other sectors, or it may be undertaken as a result of
a planned advance. in the course of an operation.

PEREBAZIROVANIYE SOYEDINENIY FLOTA (redeployment  of  naval
formations) - Changing the place at which naval formations are based in
a maritime theater of operations, for the purpose of creating groupings
of forces in new operational sectors or for other purposes relative to
the operational situation.

PEREVALOCHNAYA BAZA (trans-shipment base) - A specially prepared and
equipped region (or place) in which rear service elements reload
troop trains and freight from one mode of transport to another, or from
one railroad gauge to another. A trans-shipment base usually has
warehouses for the temporary storage of freight, and has the necessary
labor force, transportation, and cargo-handling equipment.

PEREVOZKI VOYSK (troop transportation) - The movement of troops
from one area to another, using various types of transport. According
to its scale and purpose, troop transportation may be subdivided into
strategic, operational, and mobilization categories. With regard to the
mode of transport used, troop transportation may be classified as rail,
road, sea, air, or combined. The basic requirements to be met by troop
transportation are the timely arrival of the troops in the new area,
their full combat readiness in transit, secrecy of movements, and the
ability of the troops to repulse any enemy attack during the move.

PEREGRUZOCHNYY RAYON (transfer area) - A place where troops are
transferred, or freight reloaded, from one mode of transport to another,
or where there is a change in the gauge of a railroad. Transfer areas
are prepared ahead of time.

PEREGRUPPIROVKA SIL (VOYSK) - (regrouping of forces [or troops])
Changing the existing operational-strategic disposition of forces and
facilities in theaters (or a theater) -  of hostilities, and in
operational sectors, by moving strategic formations (or formations) -
of aviation and naval forces from one area to another for the purpose
of creating a new grouping and transferring operational effort to a new
sector. Regrouping of forces is an important component part of maneuver
and, depending upon the situation and the impending mission, may be
accomplished either before, or during operations in order (a) -  to
strengthen operational groupings during a transition from a defense to
an offensive and to exploit successes, or when changing the axis of the
main thrust in the course of combat, (b) - to restore reserves (second
echelons), etc. Regrouping of forces is accomplished by mass
transportation and movement of troops (and/or redeployment of aviation
and naval forces). According to its purpose and scale, regrouping of
forces may be strategic, operational, or tactical.

PEREDNIY KRAY (forward edge) - A hypothetical line joining the
weapons of the defending subunits that are closest to the enemy.

PEREDOVAYA POZITSIYA (forward position) - A position that is set
up in front of the forward edge in individual sectors for the purpose
of misleading the enemy concerning the true location of the forward edge
of the defense, to safeguard units (or subunits) - of the first echelon
from surprise attack, to repulse enemy reconnaissance in force, and
compel him to deploy his main body prematurely. Subunits from regiments
of the first echelon are usually assigned to defend forward positions.

PEREDOVOY AERODROM (advanced airfield) - An airfield located
closest to the front or to the state border. An advanced airfield may
be used as a base for aviation or as an alternate airfield.

PEREDOVOY KOMANDNYY PUNKT (PKP) - (forward command post) - A major
field force (or formation) - command post, deployed near the troops of
the first echelon, from which the commanding general (or commander) -
controls the troops in action in the main sector, when control of them
from the command post becomes difficult. A forward command post is also
used for troop control purposes when the command post is being moved,
or has been put out of action.

PEREDOVOY OTRYAD (forward detachment) - (l) -  A detachment of
troops consisting of a tank (or motorized infantry) - subunit (or
unit), reinforced by subunits of special troops. In offensive combat,
a forward detachment is put out ahead of a combined-arms unit (or
formation) - to seize and hold important lines and objectives, major
road junctions, mountain passes, bridgeheads on the opposite bank of a
river, pending arrival of the main body. In defensive combat, a forward
detachment is sent out to conduct defensive actions in the security
zone. (2) - Part of an amphibious assault force used to seize a
beachhead on the enemy coast and to support the continuing landing. The
forward detachment of an amphibious assault force is usually subdivided
into the forces making the first assault and the main body of the
forward detachment.

PERENATSELIVANIYE AVIATSII (change of air mission) - Change of an
already-assigned combat mission or objective (target) - of an aviation
strike. This is done for the purpose of carrying out new, unforeseen
missions. A change of air mission may be effected prior to the departure
of the aircraft concerned, or when they are airborne.

PERENOS USILIY V KHODE OPERATSII (BOYA) - (transfer of effort in
the course of an operation [or battle]) - Maneuver with firepower,
missile units, second echelons, reserves, combat materiel, and with part
of the first echelon, to develop an attack by troops in a new sector;
maneuver to repulse an enemy thrust to the flanks; and also to reinforce
troops in threatened sectors in the course of a defensive engagement (or
battle).

PEREPRAVOCHNYYE SREDSTVA (water-crossing equipment) -  -Floating
equipment (organic, local, and improvised) - and bridging structures,
used by troops when negotiating water obstacles. Organic water-crossing
equipment is subdivided into individual, crossing-and-assault, pontoon
bridge, treadway bridge, and sectional-bridge categories. Individual
water-crossing facilities, i.e., flotation suits, pneumatic vests, etc.,
are used by individual soldiers to negotiate water obstacles, for work
in water, and as lifesaving equipment. Local water-crossing facilities
include ships, barges, constrained ferries, and boats of various types.
Improvised water-crossing facilities include barrels, logs, planks, and
other materials which may be used to build rafts to provide extra
buoyancy to individual soldiers swimming across a water obstacle with
their weapons.

PERERASVERTYVANIYE SIL FLOTA (redeployment of naval forces) - A
change in the position of naval forces for the purpose of occupying a
more advantageous initial position for the accomplishment of subsequent
combat operations. Redeployment of naval forces is usually associated
with a change of the sector of operations, and with the distribution of
naval forces in new sectors. It may be strategic, operational, or
tactical.

PEREKHVAT VOSDUSHNYKH TSELEY (interception of air targets)
Getting fighter aircraft to an advantageous position relative to
air targets, at a distance ensuring the fighter pilots visual or radar
contact with the targets, thus making possible their engagement and
destruction on preassigned lines.

PEREKHVAT IS POLOZHENIYA DESHURSNA V VOSDUKHE (combat air patrol
intercept) - A type of aerial combat employed by fighter aircraft,
whereby a proportion of the fighters is kept on station in the air, the
engagement of air targets by such fighters being effected  by
ground-controlled intercept.

PEREKHVAT IS POLOZHENIYA DEZHURSTVA NA AERODROME (ground alert
intercept) - A type of aerial combat used by fighter aircraft. It
involves the interception and destruction of aerial targets in sorties
flown by duty aircrews (or subunits, units) - which are held on an
airfield at a prescribed state of readiness. In addition, such a method
may be used to reinforce fighters engaged in combat with the air enemy.

PERIOD VOYNY (period of a war) - A time interval during which major
strategic goals are achieved, leading to an abrupt change in the
military-political situation.

PERSPEKTIVNAYA AEROFOTOS"YEMKA (oblique aerial photography) - A
type of aerial photography in which the optical axis of an aerial
photographic apparatus (in an airborne platform), is inclined at an
angle of 450 or more to the vertical at the moment of exposure. Oblique
aerial photography is done in order to obtain a more graphic
representation of the nature of the terrain and local objects,
engineering structures, and in order to penetrate camouflage concealing
military objectives. It may also be used for reconnaissance under
conditions of low cloud cover that precludes the use of continuous
aerial photography, and for reconnoitering strongly-protected targets
without the reconnaissance aircraft entering the zone of effective air
defense fire.

PLAVAYUSHCHIY AVTOMOBIL' (wheeled amphibian) - Assault-crossing
equipment that enables infantry to negotiate a water obstacle together
with its armament and light combat materiel. Embarkation  (and
disembarkation) - of assault-force troops may be effected on shore or
afloat.

PLAVAYUSHCHIY TANK (amphibious tank) - A light tank capable of
negotiating water obstacles.

PLAVAYUSCHIY TRANSPORTER (BRONETRANSPORTER) - (l) amphibious
personnel carrier [armored personnel carrier]; (2) amphibious cargo
carrier [armored cargo carrier]) - (l) A combat vehicle that can be
fired from, used to transport troops on land, and can carry troops
across water barriers; (2)  assault-crossing equipment used to carry
artillery and motor transport (special vehicles) -  across water
obstacles. Combat materiel may be loaded or unloaded on shore or afloat.

PLAVUCHAYA EASA (tender) - An auxiliary vessel (specially built or
converted) - used as a base for formations of combatant vessels
(submarines, torpedo boats, etc.), and to provide such vessels and
their crews with repair and maintenance services, material and technical
support, housekeeping and personal facilities.

PLAN VOINSKIKH PEREVOSOK (schedule of military consignments) - The
complex of documents pertaining to consignments of troops and freight.
A schedule of military consignments is prepared for each type of
transport separately. For a front as a whole, a unified schedule of
consignments is formulated for all types of transport for the impending
operation or for an established calendar period.

PLAN OPERATSII (operation plan) - An operational document
formulated by the staff of a major field force jointly with the chiefs
of service branches, special troops, and services, on the basis of a
decision by, and on the instructions of the commanding general.
Indicated in an operation plan are the grouping of enemy forces and
facilities, and the possible nature of his activities, the initial and
subsequent missions of the major field force, their depth, the time
limits for their completion, and the rate of advance; the sectors of the
main, and other, thrusts; the objectives to be destroyed by nuclear
weapons at the outset and in the course of the operation; the
operational structure, the missions of the troops, and the dividing
lines between them; adjacent units and their missions; the disposition
of the control posts. Also determined in an operational plan are the
distribution of nuclear munitions, of reinforcements and air support,
the ratios of forces and weapons, and also the distribution of materiel
resources.

PLAN PROTIVOVOSDUSHNOY OBORONY (air defense plan) - In major field
forces (or formations) of national air defense forces, this is a
fundamental operational document; in  strategic  formations  (or
formations) of the other Services, it is a component part of the
operation plan (combat activities plan). The air defense plan
specifies the missions of air defense troops (forces and weapons) and
the sequence in which they are carried out; the grouping of air defense
troops (forces and weapons), and possible maneuvers by them; methods
of combat operations used by air defense troops (forces and weapons)
and their variations, procedures for coordination, support, and
control of air defense troops (forces and weapons).

PLAN RASVEDKI (reconnaissance plan) - A staff working document,
setting out the organization of reconnaissance for a definite period of
time. A reconnaissance plan is a component part of an operation (or
battle) - plan, and is set out in writing or graphically (on a map).
Reflected in a reconnaissance plan are the goal and missions of
reconnaissance, who is to carry it out, and time limits for completion
of the missions, the deadlines and  procedures  for  rendering
reconnaissance reports (the data obtained), and the reserve of
reconnaissance forces and facilities. When necessary, reconnaissance
plans indicate the methods to be used to complete reconnaissance
missions, and the procedure for preparing reconnaissance elements and
supporting their activities.

PLAN TYLOVOGO OBESPECHENIYA (rear services support plan) - A
document formulated by the rear services staff of a major field force
or on the basis of the decision made by the commanding general, his
instructions, and instructions from senior rear services authorities.
Indicated in a rear-support plan are the dividing lines between the rear
zones; the grouping and locations of rear services formations, units,
and establishments; organization of communications; the extent to which
the troops are to be provided with materiel and the organization of its
delivery; organization of medical support; measures for the protection,
guarding, and defense of the rear; and organization of control of rear
services. The rear services support plan is a component of the
operation plan and is approved by the front, fleet or army commander.

PLANOVAYA AEROFOTOS"YEMKA (vertical aerial photography) - The basic
type of aerial photography, in which the optical axis of an aerial
camera, mounted in an airborne platform, coincides, at the moment of
exposure, with the vertical, or is inclined to it by a small angle, so
that the aerial photograph obtained is an approximate plan of the
terrain. It is used to photograph area and point objects, as well as
zones (or regions). Vertical aerial photography permits various
military objectives to be detected, and their actual dimensions and
coordinates to be determined.

PLATSDARM VYSADKI (beachead) - A sector of coastal territory used
for landing and deployment of the main body of an amphibious assault
force, in order that such an assault force may complete its operational
missions on shore. The size of a beachhead is determined by the
composition of the assault force, by its missions, by the condition of
the terrain, and by the nature of enemy anti-landing defenses.

PLATSDARM STRATEGICHESKIY (strategic battle area) - An extensive
territory, sometimes encompassing an entire state, permitting deployment
of a large grouping of armed forces for the purpose of conducting a
strategic operation.

PLOSKAYA ZONA PORASHENIYA (plane zone of impact) - The projection
of the zone of impact of an air defense missile complex, or air defense
artillery, on the horizontal plane.

PLOTNOST' ARTILLERIYSKAYA (artillery density) - The number of guns,
mortars, and rocket artillery combat vehicles involved in a battle, per
kilometer of front.

PLOTNOST' SAGRAZHDENIYA (obstacle density) - The total
extent of obstacles of all types (in kilometers), per kilometer of
probable tank approach, for a given sector or line.

PLOTHOST' SARASHENIYA (contamination density) - The quantity of
toxic agents per unit of contaminated area (or surface), expressed
in grams per square meter or in tons per square kilometer.

POVSEDNEVNAYA OPERATIVNAYA DEYATEL'NOST' VOYENNO-MORSKOGO FLOTA
(routine operational activity of the navy) - One of the ways in which
the fleet resolves the general missions assigned to it. Routine
operational activity of the navy is carried on throughout the entire
duration of a war, and consists in: ensuring the stability of the system
for basing naval forces; organizing observation within the theater;
conducting reconnaissance and  patrols;  securing  friendly  sea
communications; organizing and implementing all forms of defense within
the theater; attacking enemy targets that appear suddenly at sea, etc.

POGRANICHNYYE VOYSKA (border troops) - Special troops used to
guard the state borders.

PODAVLENIYE PROTIVNIKA (neutralization of the enemy) - Attacking
the enemy with various weapons so as to inflict damage on him, thereby
reducing his combat capability, limiting or eliminating his maneuvering
power, and disrupting his control of his own troops.

PODAVLENIYE RADIOELEKTRONNYKH SREDSTV PROTIVNIKA (suppression of
enemy electronic facilities) - Partial or complete disruption of the
normal operation of enemy electronic facilities by jamming.

PODVISHNAYA ARMEYSKAYA BASA (mobile army base) - An army rear
services element, including base administration, dumps with reserves of
materiel, and units for servicing the base. The amount of material and
inventory held in a mobile army base is such as to permit the base to
be moved by land from one region to another, using transportation
organic to the army.

PODVISHNYYE SAPASY MATERIAL'NYKH SREDSTV (mobile stocks of
materiel) - Stocks of materiel (all types of ammunition, fuels and
lubricants, military and technical equipment, provisions, etc.) kept
with transportation elements of formations, units, and subunits, and
also with weapons, as well as in the immediate possession of personnel.
Mobile stocks of materiel are intended to provide the troops with all
the necessities of life and needs for combat operations in the event of
a breakdown in supply. Mobile stocks of materiel must be replenished
daily, and must always be kept up to established levels.

PODVIZHNYYE SREDSTVA BASIROVANIYA KORAELEY (mobile naval base
facilities) - Naval engineering support facilities. They are intended
to permit temporary naval bases to be set up on short notice
on sectors of the sea coast which have not been prepared in the
engineering sense. Mobile naval base facilities include: collapsible
floating berths; mobile units for supplying ships with weapons, fuel,
electricity, water and provisions, and for effecting ship repairs;
prefabricated and quickly erected structures for housing control posts
and communications centers, for the storage and preparation of weapons,
and for personnel accommodation.

PODVISHNYY AVTOREMONTNYY ZAVOD (mobile motor vehicle repair
facility) - A military unit of front subordination that undertakes major
overhauls of motor vehicles.

PODVISHNYY ZAGRADITEL'NYY OGON' (PZO) (rolling barrage) - A type
of artillery fire used in defense. A rolling barrage consists in
successive shifts of a powerful curtain of fire from one preselected,
observed line to another, during an enemy tank attack.

PODVISHNYY OTRYAD SAGRASHDENIY (POZ) -  (mobile  obstacle
detachment) - A detachment made up of engineer subunits (or units)
with the means of constructing obstacles in sectors which show promise
for enemy tank counterattacks (or counterstrikes), and the means of
closing breaches caused by nuclear strikes, and of covering troop and
limiting points. A mobile obstacle detachment carries out its missions
in close cooperation with the anti-tank reserves, with the subunits (or
units) - in action in the given sector, or independently.

PODVISHNYY RESERV MATERIAL'NYKH SREDSTV (mobile reserve of
materiel) - An established quantity of materiel loaded onto transport
(rail, road, air, water), and intended for dispatch at short notice,
and in the required direction, for the purpose of replenishing an
unanticipated expenditure.

PODVODNAYA LODKA (submarine) - A combat vessel intended to cruise
and conduct combat operations under water. A submarine is used to
destroy surface warships, other submarines, and transport vessels, at
sea and in bases (ports), and also to demolish important
installations in a wide coastal zone of enemy territory. The basic
combat feature of a submarine is the covert nature of its actions.
According to their armament, submarines are divided into missile,
torpedo, minelaying, and special categories. Special-purpose submarines
include those in the radar-patrol, transport, amphibious-assault, and
oil-tanker categories. According to their displacement, submarines may
be classified as large, medium, or small; and according to their type
of propulsion machinery, they may be identified as diesel-battery,
gas-turbine or atomic-powered.

PODVODNAYA LODKA ATOMNAYA (atomic submarine) - A submarine having
an atomic power plant for propulsion under water and on the surface. An
atomic submarine is capable of moving underwater for a long time, and
can thus travel great distances without surfacing.

PODVODNAYA LODKA RAKETNAYA (PODVODNYY RAKETONOSETS) - (missile
submarine) - A submarine whose main armament consists of ballistic or
cruise missiles. The number and kind of missiles, their performance
data, and the type and power of their charge depend on the type of
mission assigned to the submarine.

PODVODNYYE LODKI FLOTA (fleet submarines) - One of the main
branches of a fleet, which includes strategic formations and formations
of submarines of various classes and sub-classes (or types). Fleet
submarines are used to destroy enemy warships and transports, and to
demolish installations on enemy territory, both independently and in
coordinated action with other branches of the fleet. Fleet submarines
may also be used to conduct reconnaissance, lay  mines,  land
reconnaissance-sabotage groups clandestinely on the enemy coast, guide
friendly strike forces to enemy targets at sea, transport personnel and
important cargoes, etc.

PODVODNYY YADERNYY VZRYV (underwater nuclear explosion) - A nuclear
explosion which takes place under water.

PODGOTOVKA ISKHODNYKH DANNYKH DLYA PUSKA RAKET (preparation of
initial missile launch data) - Determination of the required settings
for the guidance and control instruments to ensure a given direction and
range of a missile flight.

PODGOTOVKA ISKHODNYKH DANNYKH DLYA STREL'BY ARTILLERII (preparation
of initial artillery firing data) - Selection of projectile, charge,
fuze, sheaf, and type of trajectory, in accordance with the nature of
the target; and determination of sight settings, taking all corrections
(ballistic, topographic, meteorological, etc.) - into account.

PODGOTOVKA KARTY (preparing a map) - Trimming the sheets, gluing,
highlighting the designations of the kilometer grid and the depictions
of the terrain features which are most important in the given situation;
folding the map for convenience in use.

PODGOTOVKA OKEANSKOGO (MORSKOGO) -  TEATRA VOYENNYKH DEYSTVIY
(fitting out of an ocean [or maritime] theater of operations) - A system
of measures effected in peacetime and wartime within the limits of a
given theater for the purpose of creating favorable conditions for
combat operations by a friendly navy in its execution of wartime
missions, and for the purpose of hindering enemy operations. The fitting
out of an ocean (or maritime) - theater of operations consists in
building and equipping naval bases and dispersed basing facilities for
naval forces, airfields, positions for coastal missile units and coastal
artillery; in deployment, on the coast, of a system of technical
facilities for communications, observation, navigation, and radio
reconnaissance; in the organization of all types of defense and
protection against enemy attack by sea and by air, including anti
submarine, anti-mine, and anti-aircraft defense, and anti-nuclear
protection of regions where naval forces are based; in the
organization of anti-landing defense of the more important sectors of
the coast; and in the creation of materiel and technical reserves.

PODGOTOVKA OPERATSII (preparation of an operation) - The system of
measures implemented by the command, staffs, Party-political elements,
and troops (or by aviation, the fleet) in preparation for an
operation, to ensure its comprehensive support. The principal measures
associated with preparing an operation are: decision making; assignment
of missions to major field forces or strategic formations (or
formations) - ; planning the operation; organizing the delivery of
nuclear strikes, coordination, and comprehensive support for the combat
operations of troops (or of aviation, the fleet) - in the operation;
preparation of formations and staffs; organization of control and
communications.

PODGOTOVLENNAYA OBORONA (prepared defense position) - -A defense
fully prepared in the engineering sense, and occupied by troops. It is
characterized by the following features: an organized fire plan, based
on nuclear-missile strikes, supplemented by air strikes and artillery
fire; thoroughly-organized coordination between forces and weapons; and
stable control.
PODDERSHIVAYUSHCHAYA ARTILLERIYA (supporting artillery) - Artillery
which, while remaining subordinated to the senior artillery commander,
carries out fire missions assigned by the commander of the combined-arms
formation (or unit) being supported. Artillery temporarily drawn from
second echelons to support combat operations of units or formations of
the first echelon is also regarded as supporting artillery in relation
to such units or formations.

PODSEMNYY YADERNYY VSRYV (underground nuclear explosion) - A nuclear
explosion which takes place below the earth's surface.

PODLETNOYE VREMYA (approach time; enroute time) - The time of flight
of an enemy air target from the moment of its detection until the
moment when it enters the zone of our air defense weapons (including the
zone of activity of fighter aviation); or the time of flight of an
aircraft from its airfield to the target (objective) which it attacks.

PODRYV MORAL'NOGO POTENTSIALA (undermining of national morale) -
The impact of various methods, including means of a military nature, on
the morale of the population of a hostile state or bloc of states,
leading to loss of confidence among the people in the successful outcome
of the war, and to their unwillingness to make further sacrifices and
suffer further deprivations for the sake of the unjust goals of an
aggressive war. The development of anti-military attitudes, culminating
in the people's refusal to support the government which is waging the
war, is always considerably accelerated by military defeats, and by
heavy losses in personnel and materiel.

PODRYV EKONOMICHESKOGO  POTENTSIALA  (undermining  economic
potential) - Activities directed toward a substantial reduction in enemy
economic resources. Economic potential may be undermined both by
hostilities and by other means.

POD"YEM KARTY (highlighting a map) - Strengthening the contour
lines and intensifying the colors of the conventional symbols on maps
and plans for the purpose of enhancing their clarity when the map or
plan is used for terrain study. Highlighting is especially important in
the case of black-and-white maps. The pencils used for  color
intensification should conform to the color convention adopted for
topographic maps, namely: brown and red for roads; green for vegetation;
dark blue and light blue for hydrographic symbols; and black for
building contours and inhabited localities. Under field conditions, only
those parts of a map which are relevant to the given mission are
highlighted.

POZITSIONNAYA VOYNA (POZITSIONNYY PERIOD VOYNY) - (historical)
(positional warfare [the positional period of a war]) - A war (or
period of a war) in which the military activities in all, or the
principal, theaters were distinguished by the formation of continuous
fronts, by their protracted stability, and by slow, methodical, but
largely ineffectual, attempts to break through them (for example, the
positional period of World War I).

POZITSIONNAYA OBORONA (historical) (positional defense) - Defense in
which one of the main goals was tenacious retention of particular
zones of the terrain, well prepared in the engineering sense, and
occupied by troops.

POZITSIONNYY METOD ISPOL'ZOVANIYA PODVODNYKH LODOK (the positional
method of using submarines) - The method of employing submarines in a
particular sector of the sea (i.e., in a particular position), within
the limits of which they await the appearance of the enemy or observe
his activities and the situation. This method is used in those cases
where the enemy will be obliged to pass through the given region
(sector) of the sea. The dimensions of a position are determined by
the feasibility of the submarines detecting and attacking an enemy
passing through it. The positional method of utilizing submarines is
passive.

POSITSIYA (position) - A sector of terrain either organized or not-
in the engineering sense-for occupation by troops. Positions occur in
the following categories: forward, primary, switch, assembly, launching,
firing, temporary, alternate, dummy, etc.

POISK ((I) & (2) - search; (3) - raid)  (1) - Searching out enemy
objectives on land and at sea from aircraft (or helicopters);
the quest for such objectives at sea by surface ships or submarines.
(2) Detection of air targets and operating enemy radio-technical
facilities with the aid of radio-technical reconnaissance equipment.
(3) One of the methods of ground reconnaissance when in close contact
with the enemy. A raid consists in a covert approach by a
reconnaissance group to a selected and previously studied objective, in
enemy-held terrain, and in a surprise attack on it to seize prisoners,
documents, and samples of weapons and equipment.

POISKOVOUDARNAYA GRUPPA PLO (korabel'naya, aviatsionnaya) -
(antisubmarine warfare search-and-strike group [naval, aviation]) - A
group especially made up of surface ships and aircraft (or helicopters)
- used to seek out and destroy enemy submarines.

POLEVAYA POYEZDKA (field trip) - One of the forms of operational
training, which pursues the following goals: (1) study by generals
(admirals) and below, in the field (or at sea), of individual
operationaltactical or military-historical subjects, as well as study
of a theater of operations, or of an individual-operational-strategic
sector; (2) training and coordination of staffs in districts (or in
groups of forces, fleets) and in armies for their functions as
control organs.

POLEVAYA SLUSHBA SHTABOV (staff field service) - The aggregate of
regular duties and activities of staffs, and of the individuals
composing them, ensuring the commander firm and uninterrupted control
of his troops under combat conditions.

POLEVOY AERODROM (field airdrome) - An airfield which may be used
for basing units of army and naval aviation. Some field airdromes have
an unpaved runway, and some have a paved runway. The size of a field
airdrome depends on its purpose.

POLEVOY MAGISTRAL'NYY TRUBOPROVOD (field trunk pipeline) - A system
of pipes and pumping facilities intended for transporting fuel
(gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, etc.). A field pipeline may be used
most effectively in a front link for supplying fuel from front service
area bases to the sections of front onground fuel dumps, and also to
mobile aviation bases, of air armies. Starting points for deploying a
field pipeline may be: fuel dumps located on the route of a permanent
trunk pipeline; large covered fuel bases with reserves permitting
protracted operation of the pipelines; and also points on rail and water
transportation routes, with uninterrupted deliveries of fuel from areas
in the deep rear.

POLIGON ("polygon" [range]) - A sector of terrain with auxiliary
installations, especially equipped for conducting tests on technical
equipment and armament, artillery firings, and troop training exercises.
According to their purpose, such ranges are subdivided into the
following categories: artillery, tank, engineer, motor vehicle, and
others.

POLITIKO-MORAL'NYYE I BOYEVYYE KACHESTVA LICHNOGO  SOSTAVA
VOORUZHENNYKH SIL (political-moral fighting qualities of armed forces
personnel) - The  moral-political,  combat,  psychological,  and
intellectual qualities which are needed by a serviceman in modern
warfare. Political-moral combat qualities that are cultivated in the
Soviet Armed Forces include a high level of social awareness and
devotion to the Motherland and to the ideals of Communism; proleterian
internationalism; faithfulness to the oath and to military comradeship;
hatred of enemies; alertness; consciousness of military duty; heroism;
willingness for self-sacrifice for the sake of victory over the enemy;
a high level of discipline; a sense of military honor; courage;
initiative; respect for combat materiel; etc.

POLITICHESKAYA PODGOTOVKA LICHNOGO SOSTAVA SOVETSKIKH VOORUSHENNYKH
SIL (political training of Soviet Armed Forces personnel) - A system of
measures for the ideological and political education of personnel. It
includes: political sessions with soldiers, sailors, sergeants, and
senior NCO's; training of generals, admirals and officers in the tenets
of Marxism-Leninism; political education of servicemen and their
families, and of Army and Navy civilian workers and employees (evening
courses in Marxism-Leninism, Party schools, groups, and seminars).

POLITICHESKAYA RABOTA V BOYEVOY OBSTANOVKE (political work in a
combat situation) - The system of measures in propaganda, agitation, and
political education, implemented by political organs, Party and Komsomol
organizations, commanders, and political workers, among servicemen and
the civilian population in the zone of combat operations, and also among
enemy armed forces personnel and population.

POLITICHESKIYE OTDELY (UPRAVLENIYA) -  (political departments
[directorates]) - The leading Party organs of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union (CPSU) in the Armed Forces of the USSR in the field of
Party-political work. It is an obligation of political departments to
devote all their work to strengthening the combat might of the Soviet
Army and Navy, ensuring the daily and undivided influence of the
Communist Party on the entire life and activity of the Armed Forces, and
the solidarity of personnel around the CPSU and the Soviet government.
Political departments are created in the army and in the fleet by the
Ministry of Defense and the Chief Political Directorate in accordance
with the structure established' by the Central Committee of the CPSU.

POLKOVAYA ARTILLERIYSKAYA GRUPPA (PAG) (regimental artillery group) -
Artillery consisting of more than one artillery battalion, at the
direct disposal of a regimental commander, assigned at the time of
a battle to carry out missions on behalf of the regiment, and unified
by a common command.

POLKOVAYA ARTILLERIYA (regimental artillery) - Artillery and mortar
subunits, organizationally part of a motor rifle (or tank, or air
assault) regiment, and directly subordinated to the regimental
commander.

POLKOVOY UCHASTOK OBORONY (regimental defense sector) - A sector
of terrain defended by a combined-arms unit (i.e., a regiment), and
bounded as follows: to the front, by the forward edge; to the rear, by
the depth of the combat formation of the regiment; and to the flanks,
by the boundaries with adjacent units.

POLNAYA DESAKTIVATSIYA (complete radioactive decontamination) -
Removal of radioactive substances from the entire surface of the
contaminated object. It is done at special processing points or directly
in subunits, using issued or improvised means, upon completion of combat
missions by the troops.

POLNAYA SANITARNAYA OBRABOTKA (complete personal decontamination) -
Removal of toxic agents, radioactive substances, and bacterial agents
from the entire surface of the human body. It is done only in those
cases where the degree of personal contamination after partial
processing still exceeds the permissible levels. Complete personal
decontamination is done in an uncontaminated area at special processing
points or directly in subunits, upon completion of combat missions, by
those concerned.

POLNAYA SPETSIAL'NAYA OBRABOTKA (complete special decontamination)
- Sanitary decontamination of personnel; radioactive and chemical
decontamination, and disinfection of combat  materiel,  uniform,
accoutrements, protective clothing, and personal protective equipment.
It is done once the troops have completed their assigned missions, on
instructions from the commander of the formation (or unit), at
special decontamination points deployed by chemical subunits, or
directly in subunits using issued or improvised means.

POLOSA NABLYUDENIYA (observation zone) - A zone of terrain in
which reconnaissance by observation is conducted from several posts. An
observation zone is bounded to the right and to the left by local
terrain features.

POLOSA NASTUPLENIYA (offensive zone) - A zone of terrain assigned
to an advancing major field force, formation, or unit, bounded to the
right and to the left by hypothetical dividing lines with adjacent
units, such lines passing through local terrain features, which are
given inclusively or exclusively to the given unit.

POLOSA OBESPECHENIYA (security zone) - A zone created ahead of the
forward edge of defending troops. A security zone is created when there
is no close contact with the enemy, and usually consists of
several positions, covered by obstacles and defended by the troops in
action in the security zone. The depth of a security zone depends on the
concept of the defense, the nature of the terrain, and the availability
of time for its preparation.

POLOSA OBORONY (defense zone) - A zone of terrain defended by a
combined-arms army (or a combined-arms formation), and bounded to the
front by the forward edge; to the rear, by the depth of the operational
order of battle (or combat formation) of the defending troops; and on
the flanks, by the dividing lines with adjacent units.

POLOSA PREDUPRESHDENIYA (warning zone) - A radar zone created for
the purpose of giving air defense troops early warning that the air
enemy is approaching. Warning zones are created mainly above sparsely
populated areas and in maritime sectors, in order to ensure timely
detection of the air enemy at remote approaches to important industrial-
economic regions of the country, defended by air defense troops. A
warning zone may be created by radar picket ships, by submarines in the
same role, or by radar reconnaissance aircraft, operating in accordance
with a definite plan.

POLOSA PRIYEMA (PEREDACHI) TSELEY (track transfer zone) - An
agreed upon zone at the limiting point of adjacent radio-technical
units, formations, or strategic formations of air defense troops, above
which transmission and reception of air targets must take place between
cooperating formations (or units) and strategic formations of air
defense troops.

POLOSA PRIKRYTIYA (screening zone) - A zone of terrain organized
in the engineering sense, and occupied by individual units (or subunits)
for the purpose of covering the withdrawal or disengagement of the
main body of a given formation or major field force.

POLOSA RAZVEDKI (reconnaissance zone) - A zone of terrain at the
disposal of the enemy, bounded to the right and to the left by
hypothetical demarcation lines within which reconnaissance must be
conducted by the forces and facilities of a major field force
(formation, unit). It is usual to assign a reconnaissance zone which
is wider than the zone of action of the entire major field force
(formation, unit), and no less deep than the depth of the operational
(or combat) - mission of the major field force (formation, unit).

POLOSY VOZDUSHNYKH PODKHODOV K AERODROMU (airfield approach zones)
- The sectors of airfield territory adjoining the ends of the runways,
paved or otherwise, and ensuring aircraft safety during takeoff and
landing. The dimensions of the airfield approach zones are governed by
aircraft takeoff and landing characteristics.

POMEKHOZASHCHISHCHENNOST' (resistance to counter-measures) - The
ability of radio-electronic equipment to perform despite
countermeasures.

POMEKHOUSTOYCHIVOST' (stability under countermeasures) - The ability
of a radio-electronic system to perform the tasks for which it was
designed, despite the action of countermeasures directed against its
individual component networks.

PONTONNYY PARK (bridge equipment) - Authorized items is sued to
engineer troops, and intended for erecting pontoon bridges and arranging
ferry crossings. Bridge equipment is made up of various materials, and
is of diverse design and load-carrying capacity. Bridge equipment is
transported on motor vehicles. When afloat, it may move under its own
power, or be towed.

PORASHAYUSHCHIYE FAKTORY YADERNOGO VSRYVA (injurious effects of a
nuclear burst) - The shock wave, flash, penetrating radiation ,and
radioactive contamination of the terrain.

PORT (MORSKOY, RECHNOY) - (port [sea, river]) - A sector (or
region) of sea coast (or river bank) with harbors and basins which
are not only used for loading and unloading (operations), but also
provide warships and merchant vessels with shelter from foul weather.

POSADOCHNAYA PLOSHCHADKA (landing area) - (1) A sector of terrain
organized in the engineering sense, and permitting formation of
a base for units of light aviation (medical, liaison), and
helicopters; (2) - a sector of terrain intended to permit aircraft to
land in enemy rear areas, thus permitting a landing by an air assault
force.

POSADOCHNAYA RADIOMAYACIINAYA GRUPPA (radio-beacon landing group)
A group of radio-technical facilities, including localizer and
glidepath transmitters, intended to ensure safe landings by aircraft
under adverse weather conditions, by day and night.

POSLEDOVATEL'NOYE SOSREDOTOCHENIYE OGNYA (PSO) (successive fire
concentration) - A type of artillery fire used in artillery support of
advancing troops, consisting in successive neutralization, by artillery
fire, of enemy weapons, personnel, tanks, and other combat materiel,
along the front and on the flanks of advancing motor rifle and tank
units. Successive fire concentration is conducted against targets which
are located separately or in strong points, and which are arbitrarily
grouped into sectors for neutralization. Such sectors are projected on
the basis of previously-reconnoitered targets, the presence of which,
in the given sector, is known.

POSLEDOVATEL'NYYE OPERATSII (consecutive operations) - A series of
operations conducted consecutively, one after another, in connection
with designated and sequentially attainable goals, each of which emerges
directly from the preceding one.

POSLEDOVATEL'NYYE UDARY (successive strikes) - Strikes delivered
by aircraft sequentially against the same, or various, installations (or
areas), for the purpose of producing a sustained impact upon the
enemy.

POSLEDUYUSHCHAYA SADACHA (subsequent mission) - The part of the
combat mission which must be fulfilled by troops in offensive combat
after completion of the initial mission. It is determined by the purpose
of the battle, and presupposes, for its execution, partial changes in
the combat formation (for example, commitment to battle of the second
echelon), and in coordination (for example, re-subordination of
artillery, etc.).

POSPESHNO SANYATAYA OBORONA (hasty defense) - A defense created
by troops in the course of combat operations. At the beginning of its
organization, such a defense is characterized by: incomplete readiness
and consequent reduced stability; an insufficiently developed and
organized fire plan; hurriedly-organized coordination; insufficient
development of the system of engineer structures; weak exploitation of
the terrain; and insufficiently stable control. A hasty transition to
defense, under modern conditions, may stem from the need to repulse
counterstrikes by superior enemy forces in the course of offensive
operations as a result of an unsuccessful meeting engagement (or battle)
; the efforts of a defender to halt, with his reserves, further
advance of enemy troops which have broken through on some intermediate
line; and also, in a withdrawal, when the retreating side, defended by
rear-guard elements on an intermediate line, tries to extricate the main
body under attack:

POSTOYANNYY AERODROM (permanent airfield) - An airfield having
airfield structures and equipment of a capital type. A permanent
airfield is intended for permanent basing of aviation units, aviation
academies, and schools, in both peacetime and wartime.

POSTROYENIYE OBORONY (structure of a defense) - A troop structure,
a fire plan, and engineer organization of the terrain. The structure of
a defense must be in accord with the concept of the operation (or
battle) and the plan of conducting it. The organization of a defense
must be deeply echeloned, ensuring wide maneuver of forces and
facilities, both frontally and in depth, ensuring concentrated and
effective use of nuclear missiles and other weapons against the most
important groupings of the attacking enemy,  and  delivery  of
counterstrikes (or conduct of counterattacks) by second echelons and
reserves.

POKHODNAYA SASTAVA (march security patrol) - An element of march
security. The march security patrol is detailed from the advance guard,
or directly from subunits (or units) for which security is provided.
A march security patrol may be in the forward or flank category.

POKHODNOYE OKHRANENIYE ((1) - march security; (2) - screening of
ships in passage) - (1) - The safeguarding of troops on the march, this
being accomplished by advance guards, rear guards, detachments,
outposts, and patrols. (2) - The screening of ships during passage by
sea, either singly or in formation, such protection being organized to
include timely detection of enemy presence; appropriate warning of the
escorted ships; repulsing enemy attacks; and the use of reconnaissance
counter-measures. The screening force is a component part of the
cruising formation and may consist of several screens: an outer one, for
warning, and interference with enemy forces; and an inner one, for
repulsing attacks by enemy forces which have penetrated the outer
screen.

POKHODNYY PORYADOK ((1) -  march formation; (2) -  tactical
formation [of warships]) - (l) - A troop formation, consisting of
columns, for use on a march. It must ensure the following: high speed
of advance and maneuver; rapid deployment for combat; the least possible
vulnerability to the effects of enemy weapons of mass destruction;
conservation of strength of personnel and vehicles; and ease of troop
control. (2) - The mutual positioning of warships in passage, as a
group, by sea, ensuring their safety, rapid reforming into a battle
formation, and ease in controlling forces.

PRAKTICHESKAYA DAL'NOST' POLETA (practical range of an aircraft) -
The distance flown by a single aircraft from take-off to landing,
having expended its entire fuel supply, not counting the emergency
reserve (allowing for changes in the weather and combat situation).

PREVENTIVNAYA VOYNA (preventive war) - An attack by imperialist
aggressors who count on the unpreparedness of the country (or countries)
which is (or are) the object of aggression. The theory of preventive
war is a militaristic theory; it makes propaganda concerning the
necessity of a"preventive" war against the Soviet Union and other
countries of the socialist system, although everyone knows that the
Soviet Union does not intend to attack anyone. Proponents of preventive
war openly proclaim an expansionist course in politics and strategy. The
theory of preventive war is based on the notion of a sudden, unexpected
attack on the USSR using weapons of mass destruction. Basically, this
theory is adventuristic, as it contradicts the objective laws governing
victory or defeat in war under the conditions of the developing crisis
of capitalism. A preventive war would merely accelerate the complete
downfall of imperialism.

PREVOSKHODSTVO V VOSDUKHE (foreign) (air superiority) - Possesion of
air superiority consists in having an air force whose capabilities
are such as to ensure a high level of activity and freedom of action
during a definite period of time, either throughout the theater of
operations as a whole, or in individual sectors.

PREVOSKHODSTVO V SILAKH I SREDSTVAKH (superiority in men and
equipment) - A correlation of men and equipment in which one side is
superior to the other, thus enjoying conditions that ensure fulfilment
of assigned missions in an operation (or battle). Under presentday
conditions, superiority in men and equipment means primarily a
preeminence in nuclear weapons, and in the means of delivering them any
distance, and also in the qualitative and quantitative superiority of
the various Services of the armed forces. Superiority in forces and
weapons is achieved in individual sectors, or in regions, by the
following methods: concentration of forces in the main sector; deep
organization of operational formations, ensuring rapid and flexible
maneuver of men and equipment from depth; continuous intensification of
the force of strikes, especially by nuclear weapons; timely commitment
of second echelons and reserves; depriving enemy reserves of freedom of
maneuver; destruction of enemy materiel, and disruption of enemy rear
operations.

PREGRADY (barriers) - Natural barriers which are vast, frontally
and in depth (e.g., wide rivers, maritime straits, roadless mountain
ranges, well-nigh impassable jungles, etc.); or artificial obstacles
(extensive flooded and swamped areas, minefields and zones  of
radioactive contamination, mined narrows at sea), which markedly
hinder the conduct of operations.

PREDBOYEVOY PORYADOK (approach-march formation) - A troop grouping,
differentiated frontally and in depth for the purpose of ensuring less
vulnerability to enemy nuclear weapons, artillery fire, and air strikes;
rapid maneuvering of troops on the field of battle; rapid deployment of
troops into battle formation and rapid reversion to the march-formation;
high speeds of movement and rapid negotiation of zones of contamination
and devastation.

PREDVARITEL'NOYE RASPORYASHENIYE (warning order) - An order issued
before a decision on the impending action is made. A warning order
permits major field forces, formations (or units), to become familiar
with the nature and content of the new operational (or combat) mission,
and with the method of combat operations.

PREDVIDENIYE (VOYENNOYE) - (foresight [military]) - The ability
to anticipate correctly the future course of development of military
operations, and of impending events. Military foresight is possible only
where there is comprehensive study, taking into account all the elements
of the situation; a profound understanding of the goals and missions of
impending military operations; knowledge of, and allowance for, factors
which can influence the development of events; and above all, an
excellent knowledge of the enemy, and the absence of bias in assessing
his activities. The ability to foresee is a necessary quality for every
commanding general (or commander, staff officer), and is one of the
basic elements determining his organizational ability.

PREDEL'NAYA SKOROST' POLETA (maximum speed of flight) - The highest
speed which a given airborne vehicle is allowed to develop in flight,
having regard to strength considerations (permissible strain or
deformation), aerodynamic heating, vibration, and the stability or
maneuverability of the design.

PREDPROLIVNAYA ZONA (RAYON) - (pre-strait zone [region]) - A
sector of water with islands, and also with part of the sea coast,
directly adjoining a strait zone, and constituting the entrance to it
(or exit from it). An outer pre-strait zone and an inner pre-strait
zone are differentiated, according to their position relative to the
strait zone, the closed sea, and the probable enemy.

PREODOLENIYE VODNYKH PREGRAD (negotiating water obstacles) - The
crossing of water obstacles by troops, accomplished either with combat
(i.e., an assault crossing), or without combat activities.

PREODOLENIYE OBORONY (overcoming a defense) - Offensive actions by
ground troops, conducted at high speed, and directed toward the utter
defeat of a defending enemy in a short time. When overcoming a defense,
complete defeat of the enemy is achieved by destroying him with nuclear
weapons, inflicting decisive strikes on him for the purpose of
fragmenting his forces and destroying them piecemeal, or emerging onto
the flanks and into the rear, of the defending troops, with subsequent
destruction of them. In all cases, an energetic in-depth movement is the
main prerequisite for successfully overcoming enemy defenses.

PRESLEDOVANIYE (pursuit) - An attack on a withdrawing enemy,
undertaken in the course of an operation (or battle) for the purpose
of finally destroying or capturing his forces. Destruction of a
withdrawing enemy is achieved by hitting his main body with strikes from
missile units and aircraft; by artillery fire; by relentless and
energetic parallel or frontal pursuit; by straddling his withdrawal
route; and by the pursuing troops attacking his flank and rear. Pursuit
is conducted in march or approach-march formation (or in combat
formation). For deep penetration into the enemy withdrawal route,
tank troops are used in the first instance, but airborne assault forces
may also be employed.

PRIVYASKA POSITSIY RAKETNYKH VOYSK I ARTILLERII (site survey for
missile and artillery units) - A part of the topogeodesic preparation
for fire in missile units, and a part of topographic preparation in
artillery. A site survey for missile units consists in determining the
coordinates of the point where the launcher is located, and the bearing
angles of the zero line and the control line. According to the
situation, a site survey may be done on a geodesic basis, or on a map
(or aerial photograph). In the case of artillery, a site survey
consists in determining the coordinates of the battery's main guns,
registration guns, and other elements of the combat formation. It is
done on a full topographic basis, or on a map (or aerial photograph).

PRIGRANICHNAYA RADIOLOKATSIONNAYA ZONA (frontier radar zone) - A
space along a state frontier in which detection of air targets is by
radar.

PRINTSIPY VOYENNOGO ISKUSSTVA (principles of military art) - The
fundamental propositions which follow from the objective laws of war,
and which determine trends in the preparation for, and conduct of, armed
conflict, corresponding to given historical conditions. In contrast to
the objective laws, the principles give recommendations for action. Use
of the principles of military art by commanders and staffs at all
levels, taking the actual situation into account, gives the highest
possible assurance of successful attainment of the goals of the armed
conflict, operation, or battle. Soviet military science considers that
principles of military art are a concentrated scientific generalization
of combat experience. Soviet military science denies the existence of
eternal, immutable principles of military art. Such principles may be
modified and perfected according to the specific military-political
situation, the state of military technology, etc.

PRINYATIYE RESHENIYA (planning) - The process whereby a commanding
general (or commander) does the work of organizing an operation (or
battle). Prior to making a plan, he must study the received mission,
define measures directed toward preparing the troops to carry out the
assigned mission, and evaluate the situation. In his plan, the
commanding general (or commander) defines the concept of the
activities of the major field force or strategic formation (or
formation, unit), the combat missions assigned to subordinates,
coordination procedures, and the organization of control.

PRISTRELKA (adjustment of fire) - A method whereby settings
suitable for hitting a given target are sought and determined by firing.
Depending on the situation and the conditions for observation,
adjustment of fire is done by firing directly at the target, or by
firing at a registration point, with subsequent transfer of fire from
it to the target. The latter method is advantageous in that the
possibility of surprise is not compromised. Fire data adjustment are
made more precise when firing for effect.

PROVODKA VOZDUSHNYKH TSELEY ((1) tracking air targets; (2)
plotting air targets) - (1) The process of continuous radar
observation of an air target; (2) depiction of the tracks of air
targets on the plotting boards of air defense command posts and control
posts, according to data obtained from various types of reconnaissance,
primarily radar.

PROVODKA KORABLEY ZA TRALAMI (piloting ships behind sweeps) -
A method of anti-mine security for ships, used in the event that
it is not feasible to carry out a systematic or  preliminary
reconnaissance sweep, and also to eliminate any residual risk of being
blown up by mines. In waters controlled by the enemy, this is one of the
basic measures for anti-mine defense. It may be conducted behind contact
sweeps or noncontact sweeps.

PROVODNAYA SVYAS' (line  communications)  -  Communications
accomplished by field and permanent cable and overhead lines. With the
aid of line communication facilities and the corresponding station
equipment, several types of communication may be effected, namely:
telephone, telegraph, photo-telegraph, and television communication. Line
communication facilities ensure high-quality telephone, telegraph, and
photo-telegraph communications, regardless of the time of day or year and
atmospheric interference, and also ensure convenience in operation,
relative security of conversations and transmissions,  and  the
possibility of multiplexing to obtain several channels on one circuit.

PRODOLZHITEL'NOST' OPERATSII (duration of an operation) -  -The
period of time during which a strategic formation or a major field force
accomplishes the utter defeat of a particular enemy grouping and attains
the goal of the operation. The duration of an operation is the quotient
of the planned depth of the final mission (in kilometers), divided
by the planned (or achieved) rate of advance of the troops (in
kilometers per day).

PROLIVNAYA SONA (strait zone) - A zone including the vicinity of
a maritime strait (or straits), with its shores and islands, and also
the water expanses of the pre-strait regions, which adjoin it on both
sides.

PRONIKAYUSHCHAYA RADIATSIYA (penetrating radiation) - One of the
injurious factors of a nuclear explosion. Penetrating radiation is a
stream of radioactive radiations (gamma rays and neutrons), capable
of penetrating considerable thicknesses of various materials. The
duration of the injurious effect of penetrating radiation on the human
organism is measured in seconds from the moment of a nuclear burst.

PRORYV (breakthrough) - A method of offensive action used when
conducting an offensive operation (or battle), directed toward
penetrating a continuous front, which is prepared in the engineering
sense, echeloned, and occupied by enemy defense troops, by making
breaches (gaps) in it for the purpose of subsequent maneuver into the
depth or toward the flanks.

PRORYV MINNO-ARTILLERIYSKOY POSlTSII NA MORE (historical) -
(breaking through a mine-artillery position at sea) The aggregate of
combat operations conducted by naval forces in order that warships might
negotiate a mine obstacle that is covered by fire from coastal batteries
and shipboard ordnance.

PROTIVOVOSDUSHNAYA MASKIROVKA (air defense camouflage) - A
component part of one of the types of support for an operation (or
battle), namely, camouflage. It includes a system of measures for
concealing the true disposition of troops, aviation, naval forces, and
various installations from all means of reconnaissance used by the air
enemy, i.e., visual and radar observation, photography, etc.

PROTIVOVOZDUSHNAYA OBORONA (PVO) - (air defense) - Defense against
the air enemy. A distinction is made between unit air defense, naval air
defense, and national air defense. Unit air defense is the complex of
combat operations of the various air defense forces and weapons at the
disposal of strategic formations or major field forces (or formations)
of ground troops, conducted for the purpose of repulsing strikes by
enemy aviation and missile units against troops and their rear
installations, in coordinated action with national air defense forces.
National air defense is the aggregate of nationwide measures to provide
active protection for vitally important regions and installations of the
country against air attack. The air defense of the country is
accomplished primarily by national air defense forces who carry out the
mission of defeating the enemy in the air in coordinated action with all
the other Services. Naval air defense is accomplished by national air
defense forces and air defense weapons of ships, in coordinated action
with the forces and facilities of ground troop air defense units. Under
contemporary conditions, air defense includes anti-aircraft, anti
missile, and anti-space defense.

PROTIVOGIDROAKUSTICHESKAYA MASKIROVA (anti-hydroacoustic masking) -
One of the types of submarine camouflage, consisting in  the
implementation of measures hindering enemy use of hydroacoustic
facilities to observe a submarine which is submerged.

PROTIVODESANTNAYA OBORONA POBERESH'YA (anti-amphibious defense of
the sea coast) - A system of measures implemented for the purpose of
frustrating any invasion of national territory by enemy troops from the
sea. Anti-amphibious defense of the sea coast consists in the timely
preparation of the coast, and seaward approaches to it, in preparing
positions for ground troops, primarily missile units, in deploying
troops on the terrain, in arranging obstacles on land and in the water,
in organizing a fire plan, and in joint combat operations by ground
troops, naval, and air forces to repulse landings by enemy amphibious
assault forces.

PROTIVODESANTNAYA OPERATSIYA (anti-amphibious operation) - A
defensive operation by strategic formations of the various Services,
conducted for the purpose of preventing an enemy landing operation. An
anti-amphibious operation consists in the utter defeat of enemy assault
forces by destroying his troops, warships, and landing facilities at
points of concentration and embarkation (loading), during passage by
sea, and in the region of disembarkation.

PROTIVODESANTNYYE SAGRASHDENIYA (anti-assault  obstacles)  -
Obstacles arranged on shore and in the water at places accessible to
amphibious or airborne assault forces, for the purpose of hindering or
preventing their landing. They consist of obstacles in the following
categories: anti-assault ship (mines, fougasses, cribs, steel-beam post
obstacles, nets, etc.); anti-tank (mines, hedgehogs, post obstacles,
ditches, etc.); antipersonnel (mines, anti-boat obstacles, barely
perceptible obstacles, etc.); anti-airborne assault (mines, knife
rests, steel-beam post obstacles, etc.).

PROTIVOSENITNY MANEVR (anti-air defense maneuver) - A method of
overcoming the countermeasures of enemy air defense facilities, used by
groups of aircraft (or by a single aircraft) when flying over enemy
territory. An anti-air defense maneuver is accomplished by periodic
changes of course, altitude, and speed.

PROTIVOKOSMICHESKAYA OBORONA (anti-space defense) - -A component
part of air defense. The main purpose of anti-space defense is to
destroy space systems used by the enemy for military purposes, in their
orbits. The principal means of anti-space defense are special spacecraft
and vehicles (e.g., satellite-interceptors), which may be controlled
either from the ground or by special crews.

PROTIVOLODOCIINAYA AVIATSIYA (anti-submarine aviation) - One of the
branches of naval aviation used to seek out and destroy enemy submarines
at sea. Anti-submarine aviation is subdivided into the short-range and
long-range categories.

PROTIVOLODOCHNAYA OBORONA (PLO) -  (anti-submarine defense) -
Anti-submarine defense is a component element for engaging enemy
submarines, and is one of the types of naval defense. Anti-submarine
defense is the aggregate of combat operations of formations (or groups)
of warships and units (or subunits) of naval forces, as well as
certain special measures directed toward safeguarding  warships,
transports, and important coastal installations from submarine-inflicted
strikes, and toward denying enemy submarines the opportunity to conduct
reconnaissance, lay mines, land amphibious assault forces, or engage in
other activities. As a result of the development of submarines, and the
increasing sophistication of their armament, the role of anti-submarine
defense has grown considerably.

PROTIVOMINNAYA OBORONA (PMO) (anti-mine defense) - The aggregate
of combat operations of formations (or groups) of warships and units
(or subunits) of naval forces, directed toward safeguarding warships
and transports against the danger of mines, as well as certain special
measures adopted for this purpose. Anti-mine defense is organized and
conducted in order to eliminate the mine threat, and to ensure safety
of navigation to warships and transports.

PROTIVOPEKHOTNYYE ZAGRASHDENIYA (anti-personnel obstacles) -
Artificial obstacles erected on the battlefield, mainly in sectors of
the terrain which are not traversible by tanks, for the purpose
of impeding movement by enemy infantry, and inflicting casualties.
Anti-personnel obstacles include mine fields, barbed-wire, hidden
obstacles, concertina wire, log obstacles intertwined with barbed-wire,
and strengthened with land mines, etc.

PROTIVORADIOLOKATSIONNAYA MASKIROVKA (antiradar masking) - A
component part of electronic countermeasures. Antiradar masking embraces
measures adopted to conceal ground objects, landmarks, the movements and
disposition of troops, naval forces, and aviation from enemy radar
reconnaissance by using natural and artificial anti-radar screens, as
well as by prohibiting or limiting the use of radar.

PROTIVORADIOLOKATSIONNYY SNARYAD (RAKETA) (anti-radar projectile
[missile]) - A means of combating radar stations. Three types of
projectile are used: (1) projectiles (or mortar rounds) or
missiles loaded with anti-radar reflectors, to create passive
interference with radar stations of various kinds; (2) missile-decoys
with corner and other reflectors for diverting missiles of the "surface-
air", "ship-air", "air-air", and "ground-space" types from aircraft,
warships, cruise-missiles, and ballistic-missile warheads;
(3) missiles which home in on the emissions of operating enemy
radio-technical facilities.

PROTIVORAKETNAYA OBORONA (anti-missile defense) - A component part
of air defense. It is intended for detection and destruction of enemy
ballistic missiles on their flight trajectories, and for subjecting them
to electronic countermeasures. The basic means of anti-missile defense
are anti-missile missiles and special electronic countermeasures.

PROTIVORAKETNYY MANEVR (anti-missile maneuver) - Maneuver by an
aircraft in flight (change of course, altitude, or speed) for the
purpose of disrupting or hindering enemy guidance of air defense
missiles, or reducing their effectiveness.

PROTIVOTANKOVAYA AVIATSIONNAYA BOMBA (ITAB) - (aerial anti-tank
bomb) - An aerial bomb designed to destroy tanks, self-propelled weapons,
armored personnel carriers, and other armored targets' by direct hit.

PROTIVOTANKOVAYA OBORONA (PTO) - (anti-tank defense) - The sum total
of measures used to ensure success in combating tanks, including
a fire plan conducted by anti-tank weapons, used in conjunction with
obstacles for the purpose of repelling enemy tank attacks in a defense.
Anti-tank defense is organized throughout the entire depth of an
operational defense, primarily in the sectors of probable tank approach
An anti-tank plan includes company strong points containing anti-tank
weapons; tank ambushes; firing lines prepared for occupation by tank
troops and by anti-tank reserves; tanks of second echelons and of
reserves, (anti-tank reserves); artillery located in sectors of
probable tank approach; and anti-tank obstacles.

PROTIVOTANKOVAYA PLOTNOST' (anti-tank density) - In a defense, the
number of anti-tank guided missile launchers, guns, self-propelled
artillery mounts, and tanks, per kilometer of front.

PROTIVOTANKOVYYE SAGRASHDENIYA (anti-tank obstacles) - Artificial
obstacles set up on the battlefield for the purpose of stopping or
slowing an advance by enemy tanks, and rendering them unserviceable.
Anti-tank obstacles make it easier to inflict strikes on enemy tanks
with artillery fire and other anti-tank weapons. The main types of anti-
tank obstacles are the mine field and the fougasse. Also used are
ditches, escarpments, counter-scarps, (steel-beam) post obstacles,
abatis, landslides, and flooded or marshy terrain; and in wintertime,
besides, snow banks and icy slopes. As a rule, anti-tank obstacles are
covered by artillery, mortar, and machine-gun fire.

PROTIVOTANKOVYYE UPRAVLYAYEMYYE REAKTIVNYYE SNARYADY (PTURS)
(anti-tank guided missile) - A powerful weapon used to engage tanks,
which is in the armament of ground troop units. An anti-tank guided
missile possesses great penetrating power. It is fired from combat
vehicles or from portable direct-laying mounts.

PROTIVOTANKOVYY RESERV (anti-tank reserve) - Part of the anti-tank
weapons especially detailed to engage enemy tanks, and directly
subordinated to officers commanding a front or an army (commanders of
units, formations).

PRYAMAYA NAVODKA (direct laying) - A type of gunlaying performed
by sighting at the target. Direct fire is delivered from open firing
positions and from tanks, against stationary or moving targets. Direct
fire is delivered at short range, and is distinguished by the high
accuracy and speed with which the assigned fire mission can be
accomplished.

PSIKHOGENNYYE OV (psychogenic toxic agents) - Toxic agents which
act on the central nervous system, causing disruption of mental activity
(hallucinations, confused thinking, etc.). A typical representative
of such toxic agents is: lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

"PSIKHOLOGICHESKAYA VOYNA" (psychological warfare) - A term
widespread in the bourgeois press, meaning the sum total of all
subversive measures of a political and ideological nature, effected by
various civil and military elements of imperialist states against the
people and armed forces personnel of socialist countries, primarily the
Soviet Union. The basis of "psychological warfare" is falsehood,
slander and misinformation, propaganda in favor of the capitalist
system, and distortion of the peace-loving policy of socialist countries.

PUNKT VODOSNABSHENIYA (water supply point) - A source of water and
the sector of terrain adjoining it, equipped with special facilities,
and intended for organized supply of fresh water to troops, warships,
and naval units. Water is obtained, purified, stored, and distributed
at a water supply point. Water supply points are deployed in the
vicinity of artesian wells, dug wells, drilled wells, springs, surface
sources of water (rivers, lakes and ponds), or at reserves of water
which have been brought in.

PUNKT NAVEDENIYA I TSELEUKASANIYA (ground forward air controller) -
An auxiliary post for controlling aircraft from the ground, set up in
formations of ground troops, airborne-assault troops, or naval forces
engaged in coordinated action with aviation.

PUNKT POSADKI DESANTA (assault-force embarkation point) - The
area (or place) where an assault force boards ships or aircraft
(helicopters).

PUNKT SPETSIAL'NOY OBRABOTKI (PUSO) (special decontamination point) -
A point set up by subunits of chemical troops in order to carry out
complete sanitary decontamination of personnel, as well as
radioactive and chemical decontamination and disinfection of armament,
combat materiel, and transport.

PUSKOVAYA USTANOVKA (launcher) - A mobile or stationary device for
launching missiles.

PUTEPROKLADCHIK (bulldozer) - An engineering vehicle; intended for
excavation work, and for removing various non-explosive obstacles in
connection with the clearing of cross-country routes. Bulldozers are
used when clearing cross-country routes in moderately difficult terrain,
in brush, and in thickets of low or half-grown trees, clearing snow from
cross-country routes, levelling sites, building roads on hillsides,
grading river banks, filling in ditches, craters, and pits, felling
trees, and clearing tree stumps.

PUTI PODVOZA I EVAKUATSII (supply and evacuation routes) - Roads
especially established in the operational rear and troop service areas,
suitable for motor vehicles and other forms of transport, used for
supplying troop units with materiel, and for evacuating wounded and
sick, and equipment that is not needed. Supply and evacuation routes are
subdivided into main, controlled, and reserve categories. The number of
them depends on the situation, the state of the road network in the rear
area, the possibility of maintaining them, and the demand for them.

RABOCHAYA KARTA (situation map) - A map of an area of combat
operations which, besides the position of friendly troops, contains
essential data on the enemy, and other information. A situation map is
used to prepare a plan, give combat instructions, compile combat
documents, illustrate verbal reports to the senior commander, facilitate
exchanges of information, etc. Each officer marks on his own situation
map only those data which are needed by him in the course of his duties.

RADIATSIONNAYA OBSTANOVKA (radiation situation) - The situation
created on land, on water, and in the air, as a result of the use of
nuclear weapons. The radiation situation is defined in terms of
radiation levels and the dimensions of  zones  of  radioactive
contamination, which in their turn depend on the number, yield, types,
and time of nuclear bursts, the mutual disposition of ground zeroes, the
mean velocity of the wind, meterological conditions, and the relief of
the terrain.

RADIATSIONNAYA RASVEDKA (radiation reconnaissance) - Reconnaissance
conducted in order to ensure timely detection of the onset of
radioactive contamination and rapid identification of contaminated
areas, and to determine the nature of contamination. Radiation
reconnaissance is conducted by special reconnaissance patrols, aircraft
(or helicopter crews), certain observation posts, and by reconnaissance
subunits of all service branches, using dosimetric instruments.

RADIOAKTIVNOYE ZARAZHENIYE MESTNOSTI (radioactive contamination
of the terrain) - One of the injurious effects of a nuclear explosion.
Radioactive contamination of the terrain occurs as a result of fallout
of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion, and
their formation in the soil under the action of neutrons (induced
radioactivity). Neutrons that penetrate the nucleus of chemical
elements in the soil make them radioactive, thus increasing the
radioactive contamination of the terrain in the vicinity of a nuclear
explosion.

RADIOAKTIVNOYE OBLAKO (radioactive cloud) - The cloud which forms
as a result of a nuclear burst. It consist of radioactive dust raised
from the earth, and condensing water vapor, and moves in the direction
of prevailing air currents.

RADIOAKTIVNYYE VESHCHESTVA (radioactive substances) - Substances
in which spontaneous decay of the atomic nuclei takes place, accompanied
by nuclear radiations.

RADIOVOYNA (foreign) - (electronic warfare) - Measures directed
toward prohibiting or diminishing the effective use of radio-electronic
facilities by the enemy, and conversely. Radio warfare includes:
radiotechnical reconnaissance; creation of active and passive jamming
of enemy radio-electronic facilities; radio camouflage; radio
misinformation; protection of organic radio-electronic facilities from
enemy jamming, etc.

RADIOVOLNY (radio waves) - Electromagnetic oscillations classified
according to the distance associated with one cycle, i.e., the
wavelength, and used for radio communication, radar, radio navigation,
etc. Radio waves are divided into the following categories: ultralong
(with a wavelength of 10,000 meters, or more); long (10,000-1000 m);
medium (1000-100 m); short (100-10 m); and ultrashort, which
are subdivided into metric (10-I m), decimetric (1-0.1 m),
centimetric (10-1 cm), millimetric (10-1 mm), and sub-millimetric
(less than 1 mm) waves.

RADIOGEODEZICHESKAYA PRIVYAZKA (radio-geodesic tie-in) - Determining
the geodesic coordinates of any object whatever by using radio-technical
equipment.

RADIODEZINFORMATSIYA (radio deception) - One of the elements of
operational camouflage, carried on to mislead the enemy concerning the
state, grouping, intentions, armament, and activities of our own troops;
it is accomplished by broadcasting false messages by radio.

RADIOLOKATSIONNAYA KONTRASTNOST' (radar contrast) - The difference
between the reflection of radio waves from a given object and
the reflection of radio waves from the background and other objects
surrounding it. Radar contrast is used in radar to distinguish objects
against the background which surrounds them.

RADIOLOKATSIONNAYA RAZVEDKA (radar reconnaissance) -  obtaining
reconnaissance data on targets (objectives) in the air, on land, and
at sea, with the aid of radar. Radar  reconnaissance  permits
determination of the composition and location of targets (objectives)
and the nature of their activities, by day, by night, and under
conditions of poor visibility; determination of mortar round, shell, and
missile trajectories, and the whereabouts of enemy firing and launching
positions; adjustment of fire, location of ground zero of nuclear
explosions by the intersection method, etc.

RADIOLOKATSIONNAYA SISTEMA (radar system) - A system in which the
basic facilities are radars, for example: an air defense radar system;
a missile-defense radar system; or a radar system for aircraft landing
purposes. An air defense radar system is the sum total of the forces and
facilities of national air defense forces, or of a front, deployed to
reconnoitre the air enemy, and for radar support of combat operations.

RADIOLOKATSIONNAYA STANTSIYA (RLS), RADIOLOKATOR (radar station
[radar set]) - Equipment used to detect and locate various objects that
operates on a principle consisting in irradiation of these objects with
radio waves, and reception of the waves reflected by them.
RADIOLOKATSIONNOYE NABLYUDENIYE (radar observation) - Observation
of land, sea, air, and space, with the aid of radar stations.

RADIOLOKATSIONNOYE OBESPECHENIYE (radar support) - A type of
special support for combat operations of the various branches and
Services. In national air defense units, radar support is a component
part of operational support, its purpose being to give units and
formations of air defense missile troops and fighter aviation the most
complete information possible concerning the air enemy, such information
being necessary for decision-making and bringing the troops to a high
state of combat readiness, for target designation, and for guiding
fighters to air targets.

RADIOLOKATSIONNOYE  OPOZNAVANIYE  (radar  identification)  -
Establishing the affiliation of aircraft and warships to the friendly
armed forces with the aid of radar interrogators, usually co-located
with radar stations, and responders, which are located in the objects
to be identified, namely, aircraft and warships.

RADIOLOKATSIONNOYE POLE (radar field) - The electromagnetic field
created in space by radar stations in order to detect aerial targets in
it. Among air defense personnel, the term"radar field" is usually
understood to mean the space in which reliable radar detection of air
targets, and continuous tracking of them, is assured. Use of the
term"radar field" is most widespread among air defense troops.

RADIOLOKATSIONNYY ORIYENTIR (radar landmark) - A feature of the
earth's surface which, by virtue of its reflecting properties, stands
out sharply against the background of the surrounding terrain and is
therefore readily noticeable on the screen of a radar station. Radar
landmarks include towns, rivers, the sea coast, lakes, islands, etc.

RADIOLOKATSIONNYY POST (radar post) - A primary radar subunit and
a component of radio-technical units of a front or of an army, intended
to conduct reconnaissance of the air enemy by using the radar stations
at its disposal.

RADIOLOKATSIONNYY USEL (radar complex) - A group of radar stations
and means of communication, united by a single control post, intended
to detect aerial targets and to guide fighters toward them.

RADIOLOKATSIYA (radar) - Detect10n of objects and determination of
their position based on reflection of radio waves from obstacles in the
path of their propagation. In order to determine the direction of an
object, the reflected radio waves are received with a directional
antenna, which ensures reception of signals from a narrow sector of
space.

RADIOMASKIROVKA (radio camouflage) - The complex of organizational
and technical measures directed toward hindering enemy conduct of radio
reconnaissance. Such measures include prohibiting or restricting the
use of radar and radio equipment; operating on reduced power; changing
operating frequencies and call signs; entering into communication
without using call signs; etc. Special measures directed toward
misinforming enemy radio reconnaissance may also be used for
radio camouflage purposes.

RADIOMAYAK (radio beacon) - A transmitting land (ground) radio-
technical station of known position, used for ship (aircraft)
navigation. There are radio beacons of the continuous-emission and
pulsed-emission types. A radio beacon permits the direction to it, and
in some cases, its distance, to be determined.

RADIOMOLCHANIYE (radio silence) - One of the methods of radio
camouflage. It consists in prohibiting the use of radio equipment for
making transmissions.

RADIONAVIGATSIONNAYA SISTEMA (radio navigation system) - The
complex of ground (or shore) - facilities and airborne (or shipborne)
equipment used for 'determining the geographical position of an
aircraft (or a ship) - and for navigation. Radio navigation systems are
subdivided into systems for short-range and long-range navigation.

RADIONAVIGATSIYA (radio navigation) - (1) Determination of the
geographical position of an airborne craft in flight, or of a ship in
passage, by the air crew or ship's crew, respectively, using radio
technical facilities and methods; (2) a branch of the science of
navigation, dealing with the piloting of aircraft, and the steering of
ships, with the aid of radio-technical facilities.

RADIONAPRAVLENIYE (two-station net [point-to-point radio net]) -
A method of organizing radio communications between two commanding
officers (or commanders, staff), whereby each has a radio station
operating according to data (wavelength and call sign) established
just for this net.

RADIOPELENGATSIYA (radio direction-finding) - Determining the
direction of an emitter (transmitter) of radio waves with the aid of
radio receiving equipment. Radio direction-finding is widely used for
reconnaissance of radio-technical facilities.

RADIOPEREKHVAT (radio intercept) - Reception of enemy radio
transmissions with the aid of special radio-reconnaissance receiving
apparatus, for the purpose of disclosing the content of the radio
transmissions and obtaining reconnaissance data.

RADIOPOISK (radio search) - Detection of operating radio stations
and other radio-technical objectives with the aid of conventional or
special radio-receiving equipment.

RADIOPOMEKHI (radio interference) - Radio signals, emanating from
special or natural sources, which preclude or hinder the operation of
radio-technical  facilities.  Radio  interference  also  includes
interference created by reflection of signals produced by radio
technical means from natural or special reflectors.

RADIORASVEDKA (radio reconnaissance; communications monitoring) -
Obtaining information about the enemy and his radio-communication
facilities by reception and analysis of radio transmissions, and by
determining their content.

RADIORELEYNAYA SVYAS' (radio-relay communications) - Communications
accomplished with the aid of radio-relay stations, which  emit
electromagnetic energy in a given direction. In order to effect
radio-relay communications, metric, decimetric, and centimetric wavebands
are used. In accordance with the conditions of propagation of ultra
short waves, radio-relay communications are usually possible only where
there is direct (optical or geometric) visibility between the
antennae of the corresponding stations.

RADIOSVYAS' (radio communications) - Communications used for
direct conversations, transmission of radiograms, orders, signals, and
also for transmission and receipt of graphic documents by photo
telegraphy. Radio communications may be simplex, where the transmission
of information takes place in one direction only, and duplex, where
there is a bilateral exchange of information. The principal methods of
organizing radio communications are the two-station net (point-to-point
radio net), and the radio net. Radio waves of all wavebands are used
for radio communications.

RADIOSET' (radio net) - A method of organizing radio communications
between several (three or more) control posts or staffs, whereby each
of them has a radio station (radio receiver) to be used with the
operating data (wavelength and call sign) established for this radio
net. The composition of a radio net is determined by its purpose.

RADIOSET' OPOVESHCHENIYA (warning net) - A radio net on which
warning signals are transmitted. As a rule, transmission of warning
signals is done unilaterally and circularly.

RADIOTELEUPRAVLENIYE (radio remote control) - A method of controlling
stationary and mobile objects at a distance by radio. In military
affairs, it is widely used to guide missiles of various classes to
their targets, and to control explosive devices, etc.

RADIOTEKHNICHESKAYA RAZVEDKA (electronic intelligence) - Detection
of enemy radio-technical facilities and determination of  their
characteristics by reception and analysis of their signals.

RADIOTEKHNICHESKAYA SISTEMA BLISITHEY NAVIGATSII (short-range
radio-technical navigation system) - A navigation system including
radio-technical facilities located on land (in an airborne vehicle or
on a ship), and having a limited radius of action, i.e. of the order
of several hundred kilometers. Such a system, operating in the ultra
short waveband, is usually very accurate.

RADIOTEKHNICHESKAYA SlSTEMA DAL'NEY NAVIGATSII (long-range radio
technical navigation system) - A navigation system including radio
technical facilities located on land (in an airborne vehicle or on a
ship), and having a large radius of action, i.e. several thousands
of kilometers. Such systems usually operate in the medium, long, and
ultra-long wavebands. However, a long-range radio-technical navigation
system may include equipment on artificial earth satellites in which
case it may also operate in the short and ultra-short wavebands.

RADIOTEKHNICHESKIYE VOYSKA (radio-technical troops) - Special troops
intended to conduct radio-technical reconnaissance of the land, sea,
and air enemy, to create interference with his radio technical
facilities, and to ensure radio remote control of weapons and airborne
vehicles. Radio-technical troops consist of units (or subunits) and
constitute part of the various Services, service branches, and special
troops.

RADIOTEKHNICHESKIYE SREDVSTVA (radio-technical facilities) -
Facilities in which the principles of radio technology are used. Usually
included among radio-technical facilities are radar, radio remote
control, and radio navigation.

RADIOTEKHNICHESKOYE OBESPECHENIYE (radio-technical support) - A type
of special support in the air force, including the support of air
navigation, aircraft landing, bomb aiming, aerial photography, etc.,
with the aid of ground radio-technical and illumination-engineering
facilities.

RADIOELEKTRONIKA (radio electronics) - A complex of many
branches of knowledge, widely used in military affairs, which developed
on the basis of radio technology and electronics. Radio electronics
includes: radio communications, television, radar, sonar,  radio
navigation, infrared technology, radio astronomy, radio meterology,
radio telemechanics, electronic data processing, electronic technology,
semiconductor technology, etc.

RADIUS DEYSTVITEL'NOGO  PORAZHENIYA  (radius  of  effective
destruction) - The radius of the circle within which not less than 50%
of targets will be destroyed by the explosion of a single projectile,
bomb, or mortar.

RADIUS ZONY PORAZHENIYA YADERNOGO VZRYVA (radius of the casualty
zone of a nuclear burst) - One of the characteristics of the casualty
effect of a nuclear burst, determined by the shock wave, penetrating
radiation, flash, and radioactive contamination of the terrain, air,
installations, and materiel. The radius of the casualty zone of a
nuclear burst may characterize either the combined effect of the various
factors, or any factor individually.

RADIUS SPLOSHNOGO PORAZHENIYA (radius of complete destruction) - The
radius of the circle within which not less than 90% of targets will
be destroyed by splinters from the explosion of a single projectile,
bomb, or mortar round.

RAZVEDKA AGENTURNAYA (covert intelligence) - A type of intelligence
conducted with the aid of secret agents who have infiltrated into the
country to be reconnoitred, or who have been recruited locally, for the
purpose of obtaining secret data concerning the armed forces, war
potential, and other information which is needed for studying the
preparations for war of possible enemies, and which constitutes a state
or military secret.

RAZVEDKA ARTILLERIYSKAYA (RAKETNO-ARTILLERIYSKAYA) (artillery
[missile-artillery] reconnaissance) - The aggregate of measures adopted
by artillery commanders and staffs to obtain and process such
information concerning the enemy, the terrain, and state of the
atmosphere as is necessary to ensure the successful use of missile units
and artillery in an operation (or battle).

RAZVEDKA BOYEM (reconnaissance in force) - One of the methods of
reconnaissance, in which data on the enemy are obtained by the combat
operations of subunits especially detailed  for  this  purpose.
Reconnaissance in force is done only in those cases where the necessary
information about the enemy cannot be obtained by other means.

RAZVEDKA (VOYSKOVAYA) (troop-unit reconnaissance) - The
acquisition of intelligence information concerning the location,
grouping, composition, numbering, armament, combat capability, and
intentions of the enemy, as well as the nature of his activities with
respect to an operation (or battle).

RAZVEDKA ZASADAMI (combat reconnaissance patrol) - A method of
reconnaissance accomplished by surprise attack, from cover, on solitary
or small groups of enemy servicemen, for the purpose of seizing
prisoners, documents, and samples of weapons, equipment, and combat
materiel.

RAZVEDKA MARSHRUTOV (route reconnaissance) - Measures taken to
study the roads (cross-country routes) in a zone of impending action,
and to determine their state, traffic capacity, vulnerable sectors,
camouflage conditions, degree of demolition and contamination, and the
availability of materials for road and bridge repair, so as to ensure
the movement of troops, and combat and other materiel.

RAZVEDKA MESTNOSTI (terrain reconnaissance and intelligence) -
Measures taken for the collection and refinement of information on the
character and peculiarities of the relief, hydrography, built-up areas,
roads, soil, and plant cover, and the degree to which these conditions
affect the arrangement and combat operations of friendly and enemy
troops; on the presence and character of natural cover and obstacles;
on the protective features and passability of the terrain; on conditions
for orientation, camouflage, and observation; etc.

RAZVEDKA S POMOSHCH'YU INFRAKRASNOY TEKHNIKI (infrared reconnaissance)
- Detection of enemy installations and determination of the
coordinates of targets with the aid of instruments which are
sensitive to invisible infrared (heat) rays emitted by objects
(installations).

RAZVEDKA TELEVIZIONNAYA (television reconnaissance) - Obtaining
data on the enemy with the aid of television reconnaissance equipment,
permitting commanders (chiefs) to observe, from points located at a
considerable distance from the enemy, his installations and activities.
Television reconnaissance equipment may be installed in airborne
platforms, motor vehicles, or ships, and may also be outlying.

RAZVEDYVATEL'NAYA AVIATSIYA (reconnaissance aviation) - A branch
of the air force, intended to conduct aerial reconnaissance. It has at
its disposal both piloted and unmanned airborne vehicles that are used
to obtain data on the grouping of enemy forces and facilities, and on
various installations at tactical, operational, and strategic depth.

RAZVEDYVATEL'NAYA GRUPPA (reconnaissance group) - An element of
troop reconnaissance sent out by formations or units to conduct
reconnaissance of the enemy and terrain in mobile types of combat, on
the march, and in a defensive situation when there is no contact with
the enemy.

RAZVEDYVATEL'NAYA SVODKA (intelligence estimate) - A report
informational document describing the position, state, and activities
of the enemy during a definite period of time, including conclusions
concerning his impending actions or intentions. The time of rendering
a reconnaissance estimate is governed by the schedule of Routine Reports
or by the command's orders. Reconnaissance estimates are formulated not
only by superior staffs for the information of subordinate staffs and
the staffs of cooperating (supporting, adjacent) major field forces
or strategic formations (or formations), but also by subordinate
staffs for submission to a superior staff.

RAZVEDYVATEL'NOYE DONESENIYE (periodic intelligence report) - A
report reflecting changes which have occurred in the position, status,
and activities of the enemy during a definite interval of time, and
rendered to a superior staff by a specific time  (a  routine
reconnaissance report), or one containing important information which
must be reported without delay (a non-routine reconnaissance report).

RAZVEDYVATEL'NOYE TRALENIYE (reconnaissance minesweeping) - One of
the methods of mine reconnaissance at sea. It is conducted by special
ships, namely minesweepers, and helicopters, for the purpose of
detecting enemy minefields, and determining their location,
boundaries, and nature.

RAZVEDYVATEL'NYY DOZOR (reconnaissance patrol) - A reconnaissance
element which is sent out from a reconnaissance detachment to the front,
to the flanks, or to the rear, for the purpose of conducting
reconnaissance of the enemy and the terrain.

RAZVEDYVATEL'NYY OTRYAD (reconnaissance detachment) - An element
of troop-unit reconnaissance sent out by formations and major field
forces or strategic formations to conduct reconnaissance of the enemy
and the terrain in mobile types of combat, on the march, and also in
defense. A reconnaissance detachment is made up of reconnaissance
subunits or motor rifle (or tank) subunits, from company to battalion
strength, and reinforced by artillery, tanks, field engineer subunits,
and chemical subunits. A reconnaissance detachment is assigned a
reconnaissance zone or axis.

RAZVERTYVANIYE VOORUZHENNYKH SIL (VOYSK) - (deployment of armed
forces [troops]) (1) Creation of the groupings of missile troops,
ground troops, air forces, naval forces, and national air defense forces
and facilities, needed to carry on an armed conflict; (2) adoption of
an operational structure and combat formations for conducting an
operation or fighting a battle; (3) implementation of mobilization
measures for the assembly of major field forces or strategic formations,
and for regrouping formations and units into larger entities; (4)
occupation of areas in a sector of impending action; (5) a change in
structure, i.e., a transition from one state to another. Deployment of
armed forces (troops) may be strategic, operational, or tactical.

RAZVERTYVANIYE SIL FLOTA (deployment of naval forces) -  The
process whereby naval forces assume the initial position (designated
areas, lines, and positions) for the commencement of activities, in
accordance with the plan of an operation. Depending on its nature and
scale, deployment of naval forces may be strategic, operational, or
tactical.

RAZGRANICHITEL'NYYE LINII (dividing lines) - Hypothetical lines on
the terrain, constituting the boundaries between the zones (or areas)
of action of adjacent major field forces or strategic formations (or
formations, units, subunits). Dividing lines are defined (or changed)
upon assignment of missions.

RAZMAGNICHIVANIYE KORABLYA (demagnetizing a ship) - An anti-mine
defense measure, consisting in artificial alteration (reduction) of
the ship's magnetic field strength for the purpose of protecting it
against magnetic and magnetic-induction mines.

RAZMAKH NASTUPATEL'NOY OPERATSII (scale of an offensive operation)
- This concept is expressed in terms of the width and depth
of the zone of the offensive, the average daily rate of advance by the
troops, and the duration of the operation. The scale of an offensive
operation is determined by the goals of the operation and depends on the
quantity and quality of the forces and facilities of the warring
parties, the peculiarities of the theater of operations, climatic and
meteorological conditions, the levels of materiel and technical support
of the operation, etc.

RAZMINIROVANIYE (mine disarming) - Disarming or removing mines and
other explosive devices used in mine obstacles.

RAZRESHAYUSHCHAYA  SPOSOBNOST'  RADIOLOKAT-SIONNOY  STANTSII
(discrimination of a radar station) - The ability to distinguish between
targets which are close to one another in space. A distinction is made
between a radar's discrimination in terms of distance, velocity, and
angular coordinates.

RAYON BOYEVYKH DEYSTVIY (combat area) - The sector of terrain (or
sea area) in which a formation, unit, or subunit of ground troops (or
their naval counterparts) is fighting.

RAYON VOYENNYKH DEYSTVIY (combat zone) - In a broad sense, the
territory (or sea area) encompassing part of a theater of hostilities
in which the warring parties conduct operations or fight in accordance
with the concept and plan of an armed conflict.

RAYON VYSADKI MORSKOGO DESANTA (amphibious assault force landing
area) - The part of the sea coast, and the sea area adjoining it, where
an assault force disembarks, and the warships supporting the landing
operate. The size of an amphibious assault force landing area depends
on the composition of the forces attacking the coast, and on the
geographical features of the terrain. Each amphibious assault force
landing area includes one or several landing sectors.

RAYON RASSREDOTOCHENIYA KORABLEY (ship dispersal area) - A sector
of the coast, within the limits of the operational zone of a naval base,
equipped for dispersed berthing of ships.

RAYON SOSREDOTOCHENIYA (assembly [staging] area; concentration area) -
An extensive territory on which a major field force or strategic
formation (or formation, unit) is disposed prior to carrying out a
combat mission. An assembly area permits dispersal of the troops, thus
ensuring their protection against weapons of mass destruction.

RAKETNAYA BAZA  (foreign) (missile base) - Specially-equipped
territory, set aside for missiles, the means of guiding them when in
flight, technical facilities for preparing them for launching, and
missile storage facilities.

RAKETNOYE TOPLIVO (rocket fuel) - Fuel used for rocket engines.
Rocket fuel is of two types: solid and liquid. The solid and liquid
types of rocket fuel are used in solid-fuel rocket engines and in
liquidfuel rocket engines, respectively.

RAKETNO-TEKHNICHESKOYE OBESPECHENIYE (missile support) - The
aggregate of measure directed toward providing units with missiles and
rocket fuel, on the one hand, and providing missile maintenance,
technical servicing, and repair, on the other. The term missile support
also covers evacuation.

RAKEINO-YADERNAYA VOYNA (nuclear missile warfare) - Warfare in
which the decisive means of attaining victory in battle, in an
operation, and in armed conflict as a whole, is the nuclear missile-used
without restraint by all Services-and above all, the strategic nuclear
weapon. Moreover, final victory, even in nuclear missile warfare, is
achieved by the united efforts of all Services, using conventional means
of armed conflict as well.

RAEINO-YADERNYY UDAR (nuclear missile strike) - A strike dealt by
missile formations and units in order to inflict heavy casualties on an
operational grouping of enemy troops, and to cause decisive damage to
installations in the enemy'S operational or deep rear areas. Nuclear
missile strikes may be massed, grouped, or solitary.

RAKETNYYE VOYSKA STRATEGICHESKOGO NASNACHENIYA (Strategic Missile
Forces*) - The principal Service of the Armed Forces of the USSR,
intended to execute the most vital strategic missions of a nuclear
missile war. In the USA and Britain, strategic missiles are a component
of the Air Force. (*Also known as"Strategic Rocket Forces").

RAKETONOSNAYA AVIATSIYA (missile-carrying aviation) -  Aviation
consisting of missile-carrying aircraft, armed primarily with air-to-air,
air-to-ground and air-to-ship missiles.

RAKETY (missiles) - The principal means of delivering nuclear
charges to the objects to be destroyed; missiles are unmanned airborne
vehicles, either guided or unguided while in trajectory, and moved by
reactive force. According to their roles, missiles are subdivided into
the following classes: air-to-air, air-to-ground, ground-to-ground
ship-to-shore, etc. Air-to-air missiles are armed missiles installed
in airborne vehicles, and used against aerial targets. According to
their guidance systems, air-to-air missiles are divided into the guided
and unguided categories. Air-to-air guided missiles may use
autonomous guidance, remote control, homing, or a combination of these.
Air-to-ground missiles are armed missiles launched from airborne
vehicles, and intended to destroy ground targets. According to their
design, air-to-ground missiles are divided into the cruise and
ballistic categories. Air-to-ship missiles are armed missiles
launched from airborne vehicles, and used to destroy war ships.
Missiles of the ground-to-ground class may be strategic, operational
tactical, and tactical armed missiles, intended to destroy ground
targets from the ground. Ship-to-air missiles are armed missiles
launched from shipboard launchers to destroy enemy air targets.
Ship-to-shore class missiles are ballistic or cruise missiles fired
by submarines and surface ships to destroy enemy coastal installations.
Ship-to-ship missiles constitute the armament of missile-armed vessels
(submarines and surface ships), and are used to destroy enemy
warships and merchant vessels. Ship-to-ship missiles have a homing
system. Sometimes they are used to destroy coastal installations.

RAKETY OPERATIVNO-TAKTICHESKOGO NAZNACHENIYA (operational-tactical
missiles) - Combat missiles of the ground-to-ground class,  in
the armament of major field forces or strategic formations and
formations of the Services, and intended to resolve missions of
operational or tactical importance.

RAKETY STRATEGICHESKOGO NASNACHENIYA (strategic missiles) - Armed
medium-range, intercontinental and global missiles capable of destroying
installations of strategic importance in enemy deep rear areas.

RAKETY TAKTICHESKIYE (tactical missiles) - Armed missiles used by
combined-arms formations to destroy objectives at tactical  and
operational depth.

RASPORYADITEL'NAYA STANTSIYA (regulating station) - A railroad
junction or large railroad depot situated at the rear boundary of a
front, and used for the reception, processing, and onward transmission,
by destination, of incoming freight consignments destined for the front.
Regulating stations are designated by General Staff directive.
Detraining and entraining of troops, unloading and loading of military
cargoes, and protracted halting of echelons in transit, are all
prohibited at regulating stations.

RASSEIVANIYE RAKET (SNARYADOV, BOMB) - (dispersion of missiles
[projectiles, bombs]) The phenomenon of scattering of missiles
(projectiles, bombs) when they are launched (fired, dropped) under
identical conditions. Dispersion takes place for various reasons:
deviations from the nominal weight and designed shape of the missile
(projectile, bomb); variations in fuel temperature; aiming errors;
changes in air resistance; etc. Dispersion obeys a recognized law called
the law of dispersion.

RASSREDOTOCHENIYE VOYSK (dispersal of troops) - Dispersal of troops
frontally and in depth, thus ensuring their rapid deployment for combat
operations, and diminished vulnerability to nuclear strikes, air attack,
and artillery fire. According to its scale, dispersal of troops may be
tactical, operational, or strategic.

RASKHOD BOYEPRIPASOV (ammunition expenditure) - The number of
projectiles (or bombs, mortar rounds, bullets) allotted for, or
actually expended on, the fulfillment of a particular fire mission.
However, for a considerable number of fire missions performed during a
specified period of time (for example, in the course of an air
bombardment, in preparatory fire, in a day of combat), ammunition
expenditure is expressed in units of fire.

RASCHETNO-SNABSHENCHESKAYA YEDINITSA (supply and accounting unit) -
The conventional measure of supply items in terms of which the item
requirements for troop-support purposes are calculated. Supply and
accounting units are the unit of fire; fuel load; daily ration; the set,
kit, or unit; load; charge, ammunition load; the numerary adjunct
piece(s) and the usual units of weight and volume.

REAKTIVNAYA ARTILLERIYA (rocket-launching artillery) - A type of
artillery intended to fire rocket projectiles (or rocket mortar rounds)
Direction of motion is imparted to such projectiles by directing
devices. The launchers of rocket-launching artillery are mounted on
tanks, armored personnel carriers, and cross-country motor vehicles.
Rocket-launching artillery is intended to destroy personnel and combat
materiel in concentration areas, and to destroy defensive structures.

REGISTROVYY TONNASH (register tonnage) - A conventional volumetric
measure of cargo vessels, which is expressed in register tons (one
register ton is equal to l00 cubic feet, or 2.83 cubic meters). A
distinction is made between gross register tonnage and net (commercial)
register tonnage.

REZHIM OGNYA ((1) rate of fire [per piece]; (2) fire control) -
(1) The maximum number of rounds which can be fired in a specified
time from a given type of weapon (gun, mortar), without substantial
detriment to it, and without prejudice to firing safety; (2) the
precisely established procedure for conducting fire from artillery guns
(or mortars) - which the commander decides to employ, having regard to
the mission and the nature of the target.

REZHIM PLAVANIYA NA MORSKOM TEATRE (navigational discipline in a
maritime theater) - A system of measures implemented for the purpose of
ensuring the safety of warships and merchant vessels when under way, and
also while in bases or ports. The essence of navigation procedures
consists in the creation of a system of channels and formulation of
rules for their use; in the adoption of a strict procedure for the entry
of ships and vessels into bases, ports, and other points, and for exit
from them; in the establishment of recommended courses and routes for
the movement of ships and vessels in a theater (especially in coastal
areas); and in the organization of a continuously-operating
identification and warning system.

REZHIM POLETOV (flight procedures) - A system of rules governing
flights through a given air space, such rules being dictated by
instructions, by the flight manual, and by the basing conditions in the
given territory.

REZHIM TRALENIYA MIN (mine-sweeping procedures) - The established
method of using contact and noncontact sweeps, defining the frequency
of sweeping, the sweeping speed, and other parameters associated with
the use of sweeps, such parameters being established to ensure the most
effective action of the sweeps on the mines.

REZERVNYYE VOYSKA (reserve troops) - Military echelons not included
in the composition of fronts, fleets, major field formations or
strategic formations of national air defense forces, or strategic
missile forces. Under modern conditions, the role and importance of
reserve troops has increased considerably in comparison with the past.

REZERVY (reserves) - (1) Human and material resources which may
be used in a war as a whole, or in an operation (or battle); (2)
part-of the operational structure of a major field force or strategic
formation, or part of the combat order of a formation (or unit).

REYDER (raider) - A warship or armed merchant vessel (auxiliary
cruiser), operating in wartime on enemy sea transportation routes for
the purpose of destroying his merchant shipping.

REKOGNOSTSIROVKA (commander's ground reconnaissance) - Reconnaissance
of the enemy and terrain in the vicinity of troop combat operations,
conducted by commanders or staff officers. A commander's ground
reconnaissance is accomplished in order to verify, on the terrain,
decisions already made by map, and missions already assigned to the
troops, or carried 'out prior to making plans. Participants in a
commander's reconnaissance are the commanders of subordinate, attached,
and supporting formations (or units), the chiefs (or commanders) of
service branches, and chiefs of special troops and services.

REKOGNOSTSIROVOCHNAYA GRUPPA (reconnaissance party) - A party
detailed by the commander or staff to reconnoitre an area of impending
combat operations, or the disposition of troops, combat materiel,
control posts, etc.

RENTGEN (roentgen) - The unit of measurement of gamma-radiation
dose, used to calculate the level of radioactive radiation permissible
or dangerous to the organism. The roentgen is that dose which, in 1 cc
of dry air (at a temperature of 0°C and a pressure of 760 mm Hg), forms
about two billion ion pairs.

RENTGENOMETR (geiger counter) - An instrument for measuring
radiation levels in contained areas. Using a gieger counter, radiation
levels as high as several hundred roentgens per hour can be measured,
and the limits of a contaminated area, and sectors of heavy or dangerous
contamination, can be determined.

RESURSY VOYENNYYE (military resources) - A country's armed forces,
and also its civilian contingents with military training, stockpiles of
various kinds, economic and state reserves, all of which may be used to
conduct a war.

RESHENIYE NA OPERATSIYU (BOY) - (operations [or battle] plan)
Definition, by the commanding general (or commander), of the forces,
facilities, and methods to be used to complete an assigned mission in
an impending operation (or battle). A plan is the basis for
organizing troop control, coordinated action, planning, preparation,
conduct, and comprehensive support of an operation (or engagement,
battle).

RODA AVIATSII (branches of aviation) - The component parts of the
Air Force, each of which has homogeneous materiel and armament, an
appropriate organization, and its own tactics and methods of combat.
The branches of aviation are: bomber aviation, fighter-bomber aviation,
fighter aviation, reconnaissance aviation, liaison aviation, and medical
aviation.

RODA VOYSK PVO STRANY (branches of national air defense forces) -
The component parts of the national air defense forces. Each branch is
armed or equipped with one type of combat materiel. The branches of
national air defense forces include: air defense missile troops, fighter
aviation, and radio-technical troops.

RODA SIL VOYENNO-MORSKOGO FLOTA (branches of the navy) - The
structurally and qualitatively different component parts of the fleet,
intended to conduct combat operations in the appropriate physical
environment, both independently and in coordinated action with one
another. The branches of the navy are: submarines, naval aviation,
surface ships, and coastal missile-artillery troops.

RODA SUKHOPUTNYKH VOYSK (branches of the ground forces) -
Components of the ground forces, differing from one another in their
organization, armament, and role in combat. In each branch, subunits,
units, and formations have the same basic armament, and the appropriate
organization and tactics. The branches are missile troops and artillery
air defense troops, motor rifle troops, tank troops, and air assault
troops. Besides the branches, the ground forces also include special
troops, namely: engineer, chemical, communications, radio and radio
technical, motor-transport, highway, and others.

ROKADA (lateral road) - A railroad, paved highway, or dirt road,
running parallel to the front line. Lateral roads are necessary for
regrouping and moving troops in an operation (or battle), for
materiel and technical supply purposes, and for getting from one frontal
route to another when bypassing areas of devastation, and radioactive
contamination.

RUBEZH ATAKI (assault position line) - A sector of terrain,
designated by the commander of a formation (unit, subunit), from
which the troops begin their attack on the enemy.

RUBEZH BEZOPASNOGO UDALENIYA VOYSK OT TSENTROV (EPITSENTROV) -
SVOIKH YADERNYKH VZRYVOV (nuclear safety line) - A hypothetical line
defining a safe distance for friendly troops from the planned centers
(ground zero) - of nuclear bursts. The safe distance for troops is made
up of the minimum distance at which the shock wave, or other casualty
producing factors of a nuclear burst, will not result in casualties,
and of the possible deviation of the actual centers (ground zero)
from the planned ones.

RUBEZH (RAYON) -  VVODA V SRAZHENIYE (BOY)  -  (reserve
concentration area) The line (or area) from which strategic formations
(or formations, units) of the second echelon or reserve are committed
to battle (or combat) to fulfill an assigned operational (or combat)
mission. The reserve concentration area is designated approximately by
the commanding general (or commander) when making the plan to attack
and is defined more precisely in the course of the offensive.

RUBEZH (POLOSA) VZAIMODEYSTVIYA SREDSTV PVO (air defense zone) - The
line (or zone) of terrain (or water) in the air space above which the
forces and weapons of cooperating air defense strategic formations,
formations, or units, engage the air enemy, and exchange data
concerning air targets between themselves.

RUBEZH PROTIVOLODOCHNOY OBORONY (PROTIVOLODOCIINYY RUBEZH) (anti-
submarine defense area [anti-submarine area]) - The aggregate of
positional facilities and mobile naval forces that are echeloned in
depth and act in a particular water area for the purpose of preventing
enemy submarines penetrating into a given area of the sea (or ocean)

RUBEZH RADIOLOKATSIONNOGO OBNARUZHENIYA (radar detection line) -
The line on which enemy weapons become detectable by radar stations.

RUBEZH RAZVERTYVANIYA (deployment line) - The sector of terrain on
which troops deploy from march formation, or approach-march formation,
into combat formation.

RUBEZHI REGULIROVANIYA (control lines) - Terrain lines, designated
in advance by the senior commander, which the troops must reach or go
through at a certain time and in a certain formation.

SAMOLET-ZAPRAVSHCHIK (tanker aircraft) - An aircraft having special
equipment and a supply of fuel for refuelling other aircraft in flight.

SAMOLET NAVEDENIYA (guidance aircraft, reconnaissance and strike
control aircraft) - An aircraft  used  for  conducting  aerial
reconnaissance of land, sea, and air targets (or enemy installations),
observing them, transmitting data concerning them to the air command,
and guiding the aircraft sent out to destroy them.

SAMOLET-NOSITEL' YADERNOGO ORUZHIYA (nuclear weapon carrying
aircraft) - An aircraft having special equipment and fittings for the
use of nuclear munitions.

SAMOLET PROTIVOLODOCHNOY OBORONY (anti-submarine defense aircraft)
- An aircraft used to engage enemy submarines.

SAMOLET RADIOLOKATSIONNOY RAZVEDKI (samolet dal'nego
radiolokatsionnogo obnaruzheniya) (radar reconnaissance aircraft [long-
range radar detection aircraft]) - An aircraft equipped with a long-
range detection radar, and used for the reconnaissance of aerial and
above water targets, and to guide friendly weapons to them.

SAMONAVODYASHCHAYASYA TORPEDA (homing torpedo) - A torpedo having, in
its warhead, a homing device which guides it to a (underwater or
surface) target. Such devices are either active or passive, and are
further subdivided into the monoplanar (horizontal) and biplanar
(horizontal and vertical) categories.

SAMOKHODNYY PAROM (selfpropelled ferry) - A means of crossing water
barriers, intended to convey heavy combat materiel across such
barriers. Such a ferry is capable of moving independently (under its
own power) without cargo when on land, and with cargo when afloat. When
military freight is being ferried, a landing stage is not needed, as
the selfpropelled ferry has ramps which permit it to unload (or load)
combat materiel directly onto the shore or into the shallow bank
portion of the water barrier.

SANITARNAYA AVIATSIYA (medical aviation) - Aviation intended to
evacuate the sick and wounded and to transport medical personnel for the
purpose of rendering urgent medical aid to servicemen. Medical aviation
consists of individual aviation subunits and units, and organizationally
is a part of air force and combined-arms strategic formations.

SANITARNAYA OBRABOTKA (decontamination) - The removal of radioactive
substances from personnel, and rendering harmless and eliminating toxic
and bacterial agents. Decontamination may be partial or complete.

SANITARNAYA (MEDITSINSKAYA) RAZVEDKA (sanitary [medical]
reconnaissance) - Acquisition of information on the sanitary-hygienic
and anti-epidemic situation or the territory of impending combat
operations, in the regions where friendly and hostile troops are
disposed, and in rear areas, etc. Sanitary (medical) reconnaissance
establishes the sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological state of water
sources and the water supply, of built-up areas and dwellings, and
establishes the presence, or otherwise, of contagious diseases among the
population, and so on.

SANITARNYYE POTERI (casualties) - Military personnel who must be
evacuated and treated in medical establishments. Casualties are
subdivided into the combat and noncombat categories. To the former
belong wounded, shell-shocked, burned, and injured servicemen, and
those rendered ineffective as a result of combat injuries; and to the
latter those who have fallen ill, or have sustained traumata,
burns, or frostbite not associated with combat activity.

SBORNYYE  FORTIFIKATSIONNYYE  SOORUZHENIYA  (prefabricated
fortificational structures) - Structures built by assembling standard
elements which have been prefabricated either by the troops or
industrially. They include shelters, dug-out shelters, and other
structures made of corrugated iron, reinforced concrete, plywood, or
sandbags, and light frame structures. The use of prefabricated
fortificational structures markedly reduces building time, cuts down the
expenditure of manpower, increases the possibility of mechanizing such
work, and simplifies its organization.

SVERKHBYSTRODEYSTVUYUSHCHAYA  TELEGRAFNAYA  SVYAS'  (burst
communications) - Automatic transmission of information by means of
binary packages, in periods of one hundredth of a second to one second
duration, at a rate of six hundred to twelve hundred symbols per second.

SVETOVOYE UZLUCHENIYE (flash) - One of the casualty-causing factors
of a nuclear explosion, being a powerful stream of luminous energy
emitted by the fireball associated with such a burst. A flash can cause
burns on exposed parts of the human body, and is also capable of
igniting,  charring,  or  liquifying  various  materials.  The
casualty-producing capability of a flash is determined primarily by the
magnitude of the light pulse.

SVETOVOY IMPUL'S (light pulse) - The amount of luminous energy
imparted by the fireball of a nuclear explosion, during the entire time
of its existence, to one square centimeter of a surface oriented at
right-angles to the direction of propagation of the flash. The light
pulse is expressed in calories per square centimeter.

SVETYASHCHAYASYA OBLAST' (OGENNYY SHAR) (fireball) - The region of
incandescent gases associated with a nuclear air-burst, consisting of
air and the volatilized materials of the nuclear weapon itself. The
fireball is a powerful source of light radiation, which continues for
several seconds.

SVETYASHCHIYE AVIATSIONNYYE BOMBY (SAB) (flare bombs) - Aerial bombs
used to illuminate the terrain when bombing or visual reconnaissance is
done at night. They are also used in support of ground troop activities.

SVOYEVREMENNOST' USTANOVLENIYA SVYAZI (timeliness of establishing
communications) - The readiness of communications to ensure troop
control by the time ordered. This is one of the basic requirements to
be met by communications in battle.

SVYAS' VZAIMODEYSTVIYA (command and control communications) -
Communications organized between cooperating major field forces or
strategic formations (or formations, units) of the various Services,
branches, special troops, and adjacent units. Command and control
communications are organized on instructions from the commanding
general or commander (staff) organizing the coordinated action of
the troops in the operation (or battle). The principal means of
communication used between cooperating formations (or units) is radio.

SVYAZ' PODVIZHNYMI SREDSTVAMI (communication with aid of mobile
facilities) - Communication effected by aircraft, helicopter, motor
transport, armored personnel carrier, motorcycle, liaison vessel,
dispatch boat, and also by skiers. Such communication is widely
used in all types of troop combat activity for delivery of combat
documents and official correspondence, and depending on the situation
and availability of forces and facilities, may be organized by sector,
by circular route, or along an axis.

SDERSHIVAYUSHCHIYE DEYSTVIYA (foreign) - (delaying operations)
Combat operations conducted by troops on a series of successively
defended lines for the purpose of gaining time, inflicting the greatest
possible number of casualties on the enemy, and creating the most
favorable conditions for themselves, without regard to loss of ground,
and without becoming involved in decisive battles.

SELEKTORNAYA SVYAS' (selective telephony) - Central control
telephony, permitting any subscriber to be called individually
(selective call), permitting a particular group of subscribers to
be called (group call), or permitting all subscribers to be called
simultaneously (conference call). A selector (an electromagnetic
device) is used as the call receiver.

SELEKTSIYA DVIZHUSHCHIKHSYA TSELEY (SDTS) - (selection of moving
targets) - Discrimination, with the aid of special equipment, of radar
signals reflected from moving objects (missiles, aircraft, ships, tanks,
etc.), against the background of signals reflected from stationary
or slowly-moving objects (local terrain features, dipole reflectors,
clouds, etc.). The equipment used for selection of moving targets
enables a radar station to detect and track targets which are moving on
land, on the water, or in the air, against the background of the
surrounding medium, and against a background of passive interference
(reflectors).

SET' SVYAZI (communications net) - The aggregate of the communications
centers, lines, and channels of the various ministries and
departments on the territory of a front (or a military district, or the
country as a whole). The communications net of a front (or a military
district), consists in communications centers in command posts;
communications centers in forward (or alternate) command posts;
communications centers in rear control posts of major field forces or
strategic formations, formations, and units, of the front (or military
district); wire and radio-relay links; axes and sectors of signal
communications; lateral and connecting links; auxiliary communications
centers; control-and-testing posts, and monitoring posts.

SIGNALY OPOVESHCHENIYA (warning signals) - Pre-arranged signs (or
signals) transmitted by various means of communication to give the
troops timely warning of radioactive, chemical or bacterial
contamination of the terrain, and of enemy air attack.

SIGNALY OPOZNAVANIYA (identification signals) - Prearranged signs
(or signals), transmitted by various means of communication, to
establish the affiliation of ground troops, aircraft, or ships.

SIGNAL'NYYE SREDSTVA (signaling methods) - The simplest means of
communication, used in all types of troop combat operations for
transmitting brief orders and reports, for mutual identification, target
designation, to identify friendly troops, to ensure coordinated action
of troops, and for warning purposes. Visual, acoustic, and electronic
signaling methods are used.

SILY I SREDSTVA (forces and facilities; men and equipment) - The
personnel of major field forces or strategic formations, formations,
units, and subunits of all Services and branches (or arms of the navy),
together with their armament and combat materiel, for example: ground
troop forces and facilities; naval forces and facilities; aviation
forces and facilities; air defense forces and facilities; the forces
and facilities of an army; etc.

SIMPLEKSNAYA SVYAZ' (simplex operation) - Communications in which
reception and transmission are done by turns: at first, one station only
transmits, and the other only receives; then the second station
transmits, and the first receives.

SISTEMA BAZIROVANIYA SIL VOYENNO-MORSKOGO FLOTA (naval basing
system) - The aggregate of naval bases and airfield areas mutually
interconnected by transportation routes and communications facilities,
as well as the enterprises, establishments, and elements of the rear
services, ship-repair and ordnance-repair facilities, medical and
sanitary services, etc., existing in a given maritime (or oceanic)
theater of hostilities for the purpose of ensuring the conditions
necessary for the deployment of naval forces and maintaining them at the
appropriate state of readiness to resolve the missions confronting them.
A distinction is made between permanent and temporary basing.

SISTEMA VOORUSHENIYA (armament plan) - A scientifically founded
distribution of armaments between the Services and branches for
the purpose of maximizing the combat power of the armed forces as a
whole, using all types of armament most effectively, simplifying the
organization of units, formations, and major field forces or strategic
formations, and facilitating their control. The military doctrine of a
state is substantially reflected in its armament plan.

SISTEMA ZAGRAZHDENIY (obstacle plan) - The aggregate of various
engineering obstacles (mine fields, mined sectors of roads, individual
objects prepared for demolition, obstacle concentrations, obstacle
zones, etc.), created for the purpose of hindering enemy advance,
delaying him while repulsing his counterstrike, inflicting losses on
him, and creating conditions for defeating his troops with nuclear and
other weapons.

SISTEMA NABLYUDENIYA (observation plan) - The combination of
observation posts and observation points of all service branches
and special troops, disposed on the terrain in  a  particular
configuration, ensuring the best possible surveillance of objectives,
enemy disposition, and the terrain.

SISTEMA NAVEDENIYA ISTREBITELEY (fighter control and reporting
system) - The aggregate of measures and technical facilities ensuring
guidance of fighters to the air enemy. A fighter control and reporting
system includes: ground detection-and-guidance radar stations; equipment
for obtaining the coordinates of air targets and fighters, for
transmitting these coordinates and displaying them in a command post;
intercept control equipment; equipment for transmitting guidance
commands from the ground and receiving them in the fighters; flying and
navigational instruments; airborne radars for intercept and aiming
purposes; and identification equipment.

SISTEMA NAVEDENIYA PUSKOVOY USTANOVKI (fire control system) - A
system whereby a launcher is laid and trained to a given bearing and
angle of site, respectively. Such a system may be automatic or
nonautomatic.

SOOTNOSHENIYE VIDOV VOORUZHENNYKH SIL (correlalation of the
Services of the armed forces) - A scientifically founded qualitative and
quantitative correlation between the various Services in the composition
of the armed forces as a whole, dictated by specific historical and
military-political conditions, by the nature of an impending war, by the
strategic possibilities of one of the Services, by the accepted military
doctrine of the state, etc. The correlation of the Services of the armed
forces is not constant. It changes with changing conditions, and
especially in connection with changes in the political goals of the war,
and in armament itself.

SOOTNOSHENIYE RODOV VOYSK (RODOV AVIATSII I RODOV SIL NA FLOTE)
(correlation of service branches [or their naval or air force
counterparts]) - A scientifically founded qualitative and quantitative
correlation of the service branches (or their counterparts) in each
Service, dictated by the nature of the basic missions assigned to the
Service in question, and within it, to its component parts, namely, the
branches (or their equivalents). Those branches (or their counterparts)
which are capable of resolving the basic missions of their parent
Service constitute the combatant nucleus of that Service. The remaining
branches (or their equivalents) fulfil missions in a subordinated
combat role or in a support role. This circumstance determines the
specific correlation of the arms.

SOOTNOSHENIYE SIL I SREDSTV (correlation of forces and facilities)
- The aggregate of indices permitting evaluation of the relative
strength of friendly and hostile troops, by comparative analysis of the
quantitative and qualitative characteristics of troop organization,
performance data on armament and combat materiel, and other indices that
define the combat readiness and combat capability of the troops.

SOSREDOTOCHENIYE SIL I SREDSTV (concentration of forces and
facilities) - Assembly of forces and facilities in a particular area,
and at a particular time, in order to fulfil an operational (or combat)
mission in accordance with the command's concept. Under present day
conditions, concentration of forces and facilities must be done quickly
and covertly, and only with due observance of the requirements for the
deployment and disperal of troops (aviation, naval forces). Dense
formations and accumulations of troops (aircraft, ships) are
inadmissible. Concentration of forces and facilities is accomplished by
regrouping either prior to an operation (battle) or in the course of it.
SOSREDOTOCHENIYE STRATEGICHESKIKH USILIY  (concentration  of
strategic efforts) - The delivery of strikes by strategic missile
forces and other Services in important areas of the theater of
operations, in order to attain the assigned strategic goals as rapidly
as possible. Ground troops and national air defense forces operate
within the limits of the area (zone of concentration of strategic
efforts), while positional areas of strategic missile forces, long-
range aviation's airfield areas, and naval bases may be located at a
considerable distance from the area of concentration of the basic
(main) efforts.

SOTSIALISTICHESKOYE SOREVNOVANIYE V VOORUZHENNYKH SILAKH SSSR
(socialist competition in the armed forces of the USSR) - One of the
important methods of communist education of Soviet servicemen, and a
way of resolving the problems of combat and political training.
Socialist competition in the armed forces of the USSR is directed
toward the preparation of proficiency badge holders and class
specialists in military affairs, and also toward increasing the number
of outstanding subunits and units.

SPAD UROVNEY RADIATSII (drop in radiation levels) - Diminution of the
radiation levels on the terrain with time due to the decay of the
radioactive substances.

SPETSIAL'NAYA OBRABOTKA (special decontamination processing) - Sanitary
decontamination processing of personnel; radioactive decontamination,
chemical decontamination, and disinfection of armament, combat materiel,
transport, uniform, accoutrements, footwear, and anti-chemical defense
facilities. It may be done directly in troop subunits, or at special
decontamination processing posts (PuSO), and may be partial or complete.

SPETSIAL'NYYE VOYSKA (foreign) (special forces) - Special
units and formations of the armed forces of the USA and other
imperialist states, intended to be dropped, in wartime, in enemy rear
areas, for the purpose of conducting sabotage and terrorist operations
and subversive activities. Special forces consist mainly of parachutist
saboteurs who know the enemy country and are fluent in the local
language. Among them are traitors who have deserted socialist countries,
and also natives of these countries, who collaborated with Hitlerites
and have found asylum with the American militarists. No small proportion
of the officers and enlisted men of these units are adventure seekers
and persons with a criminal background.

SPETSIAL'NYYE METODY VOYNY (foreign) (unconventional warfare) - A term
used in the American press, meaning methods of conducting combat
operations which combine sabotage terrorist operations in enemy rear
areas with "psychological" impact on his troops and civilian population.
The unconventional warfare concept is the brain child of imperialist
militarists, playing its role in their plans for ideological diversion
against socialist countries.